Conclusion and Recommendations Free Essays

A Study of Criminal Justice Major Undergraduate College Students And Their Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System in Comparison with others who have Lesser Knowledge of the System Part 1: Introduction Criminal Justice is among the most misconstrued elements of the general public. There seems, by all accounts, to be various sides of discernment in regards to this issue from various divisions of the human network. The divisions principally are based from two significant perspectives. We will compose a custom exposition test on End and Recommendations or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now The principal division is the place the proficient people have a place. They are the individuals who are increasingly mindful of the circumstance and the hypotheses that underlie it. While on the opposite side of the division are the individuals who fundamentally base their comprehension upon what is really self-evident. They mean to appreciate with what Criminal Justice through the premise of the real circumstances that occur in the general public. This is the place misinterpretation of the entire thought of what wrongdoing, what equity and what Criminal Justice is all in all. In this paper, the distinction of the two significant observations tended to before with respects the truth of Criminal Justice will be talked about. More probable, this examination will be legitimately engaged upon the significance just as effect that training has on people who have not increased further comprehension of what Criminal Justice is. The thought is to contrast their discernments and other people who are essentially basing their convictions with respect to the said issue on clear events. A Study of Criminal Justiceâ â â â â â Page 2 1.1â â â â Background of the Study The American culture, in spite of the fact that they are noted to be among the countries having the most number of laws and guidelines with respects wrongdoing turns into the essential survivor of wrongdoing itself during the previous hundreds of years. For what reason does this occur? Why the American culture and why they are turning into the objective? It couldn't be denied that there are various individuals from the American populace that has a place with the minorities. This populace especially incorporates the migrants from different nations and other ethnic gatherings present inside the American regions. Thus, social decent variety is undoubtedly clear inside the said society. Social decent variety at that point especially causes the distinctions of the individuals living in one network making individual clashes not that difficult to happen. Thus, an ever increasing number of violations are being dedicated by the individuals who are non-Americans as they are overpowered with the existence that faces them in a remote land which is a great deal unique in relation to the manner in which they live their lives inside their own nations. One product of the said clashes is that individuals are constrained on occasion to perpetrate botches illegal, more terrible, they carry out violations against their fellowmen carrying melancholy and caution to the entire network. How at that point do individuals see these appalling circumstances in the general public? Tragically, not every person comprehends the entire image of the story in one look alone. This implies there is a requirement for more profound comprehension A Study of Criminal Justiceâ â â â â â Page 3 to truly have the option to understand with what's going on. The utilization of equity in the general public likewise turns into significantly increasingly flawed as the years pass. This is the motivation behind why numerous people have an alternate discernment with regards to the uprightness and the viability of the Criminal Justice System in the general public. 1.2â â â â Statement of the Problem To have the option to have a more profound comprehension of the examination being made, the issue proclamation that follows will be tended to deliberately inside the paper: â€Å"Criminal Justice is a factor of the social guideline where a few gatherings of individuals are included. Understanding the said issue in an increasingly target way isn't excessively simple. Now and again, just the individuals who can pick up information with respect to the said issue could really fathom to the said framework that administers the human clashes in the general public today. This is the motivation behind why the explanation of the said thought ought to be given nearer consideration by scientists of the said field.† 1.3â â â â Research Questions To have the option to have a guide or a deciding framework for the consummation of this examination, the accompanying inquiries will be replied during the procedure of this exploration:  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Does instruction have an impact on convictions and comprehension with respect to Criminal Justice?  Step by step instructions to refer to Conclusion and Recommendations, Papers

The Origins of Vernacular Language and Its Spread free essay sample

The term vernacular can be characterized as utilizing a language that is local to a nation or area, instead of a refined, remote, or artistic language. The vernacular dialects would likewise be considered as the enormous group of contemporary â€Å"Romance† dialects (Matthews, 2007). These vernacular dialects would one day be referred to use as Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and so on. Prior to the twelfth century, Latin was the significant language that was utilized for writing and among the informed. The discoveries of Latin were impacted by other local dialects which incorporated those of Celtic dialects, Greek, and Etruscan (University of Calgary, 1996). The Latin language was reliably evolved because of the reality there were noteworthy contrasts during every period. These distinctions incorporated those in the abstract composed language, and furthermore because of contrasts in the communicated in language of the informed and those of the less taught people. Improvement of Vernacular Language in the first place, Latin was just one of a few Italic dialects in which every one of them had a place with the Indo-European etymological family, and the advancement of these dialects were impacted by different tongues, including the language known as Celtic, Etruscan and Greek. We will compose a custom paper test on The Origins of Vernacular Language and Its Spread or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the same way as other different dialects, Latin language experienced constant turn of events. During every time of its advancement there were numerous contrasts between the artistic composed language, which was extremely unmistakable from the communicated in language of the informed versus those of the less instructed masses. Inside the communicated in language, obtaining from different tongues was basic at all periods (University of Calgary, 1996). The improvement of writing and learning in Latin language was unequivocally affected by the Greek, yet for individuals in Western Europe crafted by Latin writers had a monstrous range significance. This demonstrated persuasive were the creators of the Golden Age (from c. 70 BCE to 14 CE), including the composition authors Cicero, Caesar and Livy. It additionally incorporated the writers Virgil, Ovid and Horace, whose works have become some portion of an enduring scholarly and instructive legacy that has made due for a long time. Significantly in the wake of following the spread of Christianity, instructed people, including the Western (Latin) Fathers of the Church, consistently partook in this legacy (University of Calgary, 1996). After the Empire between 500-1000, vernacular language was additionally being utilized by the landmass for well known festivals of strict celebrations, improvisational troupes of entertainers, narrators, and so forth (Matthews, 2007). Lamentably none of the writing was recorded with the goal that it might be passed on to ages. Notwithstanding, albeit none of the writing was recorded at an opportune time, there was sufficient of the writing left around the year 1200 to demonstrate that the basic language could be created into genuine writing for the average folks. The Spread of Vernacular Language Vernacular language was first spreaded by the French, which incorporated their artistic works, and when of the fourteenth century, vernacular works had cleared its path through Europe. The move from the Latin language to vernacular language presents a significance in light of a legitimate concern for elegant writing. During the ascent of vernacular language, the woman’s job was not subverted. Reason being is that respectable ladies were the ones to have commission attempts to be written in or converted into vernacular language, which assisted with protecting, history. When of the fifteenth century, vernacular language was very much searched out to be the language of writing, authentic record and individual articulation. In any case, at long last vernacular language was frequently exposed to be normalized. The chance of vernacular language having the option to rise and spread was on the grounds that numerous individuals didn't speak Latin, not in any case the honorable men. Vernacular language was in the long run utilized over Latin, since it made it simpler to change over individuals to Christianity. Innovative advances, additionally helped spread vernacular language and lead to an expansion in proficiency rates were seen as basic. There were various factors behind the ascent of vernacular language. The fantasy to spread Christianity, the craving of ladies to participate in social discussions and the innovative advances are just three of the numerous variables that made it feasible for vernacular language to surpass the Latin language. A resulting normalization of vernacular language is a supposed to be a consistent outcome. Factor One: Spread Christianity Because the longing to make Christianity accessible for the wide populace was so significantly wanted, it is one of the significant variables for the ascent of vernacular language. Since priests were increasingly versed in the investigations of vernacular language, just as science and the good book they were normally the ones who made a letter set to make an interpretation of the Latin book of scriptures into vernacular language. When Christian readings and lessons were accessible in the vernacular language, it turned out to be a lot simpler to change over individuals to Christianity (Bouchard, 2004). Despite the fact that vernacular language was utilized more than the Latin language, there was as yet a discussion about whether or not strict administrations ought to be held in Latin or in vernacular language. This discussion got one of the central purposes of the Reformation in the sixteenth century (Slavitt, 1999). Factor Two: Women Wanting to Take Part As expressed previously, the job of ladies during the ascent of vernacular language hould likewise have been not be subverted, as it was those respectable ladies who had dispatched attempts to be written in or meant vernacular language, which had helped saved history (McCash, 2008). Despite the fact that schools were on the ascent, that is in any event for well off young men, the primary subject stayed Latin and in spite of the fact that young ladies of a sim ilar social class was instructed to peruse and distinguish Latin, they lamentably didn't become familiar with its sentence structure or its actual significance (Orme, 2006). In this way, when ladies chose they needed to take part in social discussions, they needed to do as such in vernacular language (McCash, 2008). Do to the way that ladies didn't have the foggiest idea about the genuine importance and sentence structure of the Latin language, vernacular language had the option to enabled ladies and lead them towards more prominent opportunity of articulation and by the fifteenth century, works by ladies were no longer seen as odd (McCash, 2008). Factor Three: Technological Advances In request for vernacular language to continue rising advances in innovation and the import of papermaking strategies were significant (Slavitt, 1999). The creation of portable letters and a printing procedure by Gutenberg took into consideration large scale manufacturing which was significant for the spread of vernacular language too. Artistic works were quicker and simpler to make due to the printing procedure (Chappell, 2011). The Bible, was the main book printed by Gutenberg and to nothing unexpected it was written in vernacular. The education rate thrived because of the mechanical development, since any individual who could communicate in the vernacular language could figure out how to peruse and write in it also (Slavitt, 1999). (Slavitt, 1999). Going into the fifteenth century, vernacular language was well over built up as the principle language of writing, individual articulation and authentic record (McCash, 2008). Latin, remained as a significant language for legitimate procedures and science as it was viewed as sheltered from change (Vincze, 2009). The ascent and spread of vernacular language was particularly so conceivable in light of the fact that numerous individuals didn't communicate in the Latin language. Vernacular language had the option to flourish as a result of the different elements. Numerous dialects from different nations that we hear and for some talk today originate from the vernacular language.

Primer trimestre del primer año

Primer trimestre del primer año Esta es la segunda anotación de mi serie “anotaciones que deben escribirse porque algunas de las categorías nuevas no tienen demasiado contenido”. Hoy, tenemos el privilegio de desmenuzar el primer trimestre de mi primer año a fin de analizar las calificaciones de primer año. Contexto Espero que ya conozcan los términos Aprobado/Sin registro. Básicamente, durante el primer trimestre de primer año en el MIT, solamente te evalúan con “Aprobado” o “Desaprobado”. Si obtienes una A, B o C en una clase, en tu expediente académico solo queda registrado como “A” de “Aprobado. Si obtienes una D o F, no queda registrado en tu expediente; es como si nunca hubieras asistido a esa clase. Creo que es un muy buen sistema por varios motivos. Las clases del MIT son más exigentes que las de la escuela secundaria, y los alumnos suelen obtener las calificaciones más bajas de sus vidas en el primer trimestre del MIT. El sistema incentiva a los alumnos de primer año a divertirse y a explorar la vida fuera de los salones de clase sin que tengan que preocuparse exageradamente por sus calificaciones. Los alumnos de primer año pueden aprender a administrar su tiempo prudentemente y encontrar un equilibrio entre las obligaciones y el ocio sin afectar los expedientes académicos. El sistema de “Aprobado” o “Sin registro” ayuda a los alumnos del MIT a disminuir el estrés por sus notas. En consecuencia, a menudo ignoran sus trabajos y corretean y juguetean incluso cuando “deberían” estar haciendo otras cosas. (Por ejemplo: una noche de noviembre a la 1 de la mañana en mi primer año, estaba estudiando para un examen 8.01x (física) que tenía a la mañana siguiente. Mi amigo Akhil me envió un mensaje preguntándome si quería ir a recorrer el campus. Le dije que sí. Terminé trasnochando antes de un examen porque me estaba divirtiendo explorando túneles, sótanos y lugares similares. Fue genial). Mi primer año El primer año en el MIT fue bastante difícil para mí en el aspecto académico, ya que no había tenido Física Avanzada ni Química Avanzada en la escuela secundaria. Todo era nuevo y representaba un desafío, y los problemas que daban eran difíciles… Además, nunca aprendí a administrar el tiempo prudentemente en la escuela secundaria porque podía hacer toda la tarea en la sala de estudios la mañana anterior a presentarla, si es que tenía tarea para hacer en primer lugar. Faltaba a clases más frecuentemente que en los años posteriores porque no me había dado cuenta de lo que aprendía mejor en las clases También faltaba porque Física comenzaba a las 10 de la mañana y me quedaba hasta las 4 de la tarde hablando en los pasillos con mis amigos nuevos. Además, todavía estaba saliendo con mi novio de la secundaria, y la relación se estaba deteriorando rápidamente, así que pasábamos bastante tiempo discutiendo por teléfono. Como imaginarán, nada de esto favorecía mi vida académica. Debo admitir que no recuerdo exactamente cuántos exámenes desaprobé en primer año. Sé que fueron al menos tres exámenes de física (dos trimestrales y el final), dos de cálculo (uno trimestral y el final) y dos de química (ambos trimestrales). Terminé con una B+ en Humanidades, artes y ciencias sociales (HASS) (9.00, Introducción a la Psicología), una C+ en 18.01 (Cálculo simple-variable), una C en 5.111 (Introducción a la Química) y una C- en 8.01x (Física). Para aprobar 8.01x se necesitaba un promedio general de 60; mi nota final fue 63,5. Y, sin embargo, en el expediente oficial dice “A” para todo. ;) Y ese es el expediente académico que vieron los comités de admisión cuando me postulé a una escuela de posgrado; no sabían que aprobé Física de primer año casi de casualidad. ¡A divertirse! Tenía algunos amigos que habían desaprobado algunas clases del primer semestre y simplemente las volvieron a cursar en el segundo semestre. Para los alumnos de los últimos años de la carrera, existen otras estrategias. La fecha de renuncia es la última fecha en que se puede abandonar la clase; son dos o tres semanas previas a la semana del examen final. De manera que si no te está yendo bien en esa etapa del semestre, generalmente abandonas la clase y la vuelves a cursar en otro semestre. Los estudiantes de los primeros y últimos años también pueden tomar dos clases con calificación “Aprobado o Desaprobado”. Esto les permite tomar clases interesantes sin tener que preocuparse por efectos colaterales en sus promedios. Mi situación actual Hoy fue un feriado libre de impuestos en Massachusetts: el gobernador suspendió los impuestos a las ventas durante el fin de semana a fin de incentivar a que la gente compre. Adam y yo teníamos que comprar solamente víveres (que en Massachusetts no llevan impuestos), pero fuimos hasta la galería únicamente para ver todo el desenfreno. La gente se abalanzaba sobre Best Buy, intentando comprar televisores y cámaras digitales, todo con el fin de ahorrar USD 25 de impuestos. Me encanta. La gente no es muy buena en matemáticas. Adam y yo compramos una película y un reloj digital. Ahorramos unos dólares. Asimismo, me gustaría destacar que es divertido juntarse con personas del curso 16 porque puedes decir “Esto no es astronáutica, amigo” con una voz superior cuando no saben hacer cosas como estacionar el automóvil y no pueden decir nada porque, después de todo, no es astronáutica y ellos lo saben mejor que nadie. Preguntas y comentarios 1. Colin preguntó: “Estaba pensando, ¿tendré posibilidad de acceder al curso HASS-D que deseo si voy el primer día? ¿Existe algún curso HASS-D muy popular? Específicamente, estoy considerando tomar 21M.011 (Introducción a la Música Occidental), pero sé que la música es un interés común entre los alumnos del MIT. Generalmente, existe una alta probabilidad de entrar a una clase el primer día, incluso si es bastante popular. No salí sorteada en 24.900 (Introducción a la Lingüística) en dos semestres diferentes, y la segunda vez simplemente me presenté con un formulario de inscripción e ingresé sin inconvenientes. Lo que sucede es que varios alumnos de los últimos años se registran previamente y entran en sorteo sin realmente querer tomar las clases para las que se anotan. Es más, conozco algunas personas que se registran previamente a cursos que eligen al azar. Como podrán imaginarse, esto genera vacantes inesperadas en varios cursos el primer día de clases. :) Una vez que se informan los resultados del sorteo, esta página mostrará una lista de HASS-D con vacantes disponibles. Si bien varía de semestre a semestre de acuerdo con lo que es más popular en el momento, 21M.011 tuvo algunas vacantes disponibles el último semestre. (Y en cuanto a eso, incluso si un curso no figura con vacantes disponibles, generalmente hay personas que deciden no tomar la clase, por lo que vale la pena presentarse el primer día con el formulario de inscripción). Lo importante es que, en cuanto a sorteos y demás en el MIT, existe bastante flexibilidad; casi siempre hay una manera de obtener lo que deseas. 2. Un curioso alumno de primer año escribió: “ ¿Los alumnos califican a los profesores? ¿Existe alguna manera de ver esas calificaciones antes de escoger las clases? ¿Los alumnos del MIT utilizan ratemyprofessors.com?” Yo no usaría ratemyprofessor.com. La única vez que visité el sitio noté que no figuran demasiadas personas del MIT, así que las calificaciones no son muy confiables. Los alumnos evalúan a los profesores y los cursos de manera estandarizada al final de cada semestre. Las evaluaciones pueden encontrarse aquí (se requieren certificados). Esos resultados no son perfectos (las encuestas se proporcionan durante la última semana de clases, cuando todos los que odiaban la clase ya abandonaron la materia), pero al menos son estándar y las completan una gran cantidad de personas. 3. JE preguntó: “Para que una carrera de investigación de pregrado se considere valiosa y sea reconocida, ¿es necesario publicar? Es decir, ¿debo ser un autor publicado X cantidad de veces para tener una buena oportunidad en una escuela de posgrado de primer nivel?” Definitivamente, no necesitas haber sido publicado para ingresar a una escuela de posgrado de primer nivel. Ayuda, por supuesto, pero no es obligatorio. En verdad, ni siquiera es común. Cuando asistí a un taller sobre solicitudes para las escuelas de posgrado durante los primeros años, el cuerpo docente del curso 9 dijo que solo aproximadamente el 5 % de sus postulantes son publicados. De manera que si eres un autor publicado durante el UROP, ponte contento, pero si no, no te preocupes en lo más mínimo. (Y, para promocionar a Melis, ¡puedes publicar en el MURJ!).

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1395 Words

Romanticism and modernism are two philosophical thoughts so unlike each other, modernism embracing the cold truth of reality in the industrialized world of 1920s America, romanticism this same world through rose filtered lenses, summed up in the words of Mr. F. Scott Fitzgerald, â€Å"we are all just humans†¦ drunk on the idea that love, only love, could heal our broken bones.† Fitzgerald was a romantic living in the modernist 1920s, and his classic work The Great Gatsby was certainly a romantic book, and thusly did not succeed in his time; in fact, it did not succeed until after his death in the 1940s. Fitzgerald saw the green light, but it was just as out of reach to him as it was to Mr. Gatsby. Though The Great Gatsby was unappreciated†¦show more content†¦He found success on the tail of his book This Side of Paradise, which rapidly elevated him to stardom. They spent boatloads of money, but he could afford that by cranking out story after story. He had a lavi sh life, a romanticized life, so he dreamed romantically. Going into publishing Gatsby, he had romantic hopes, expecting it to well outsell his other books, and he was shocked when sales fell flat. Then, the â€Å"Jazz Age† gave way, and the Great Depression set in. People didn’t want to read about people living fabulously, dancing, driving around in flashy cars, and guzzling their alcohol, they wanted grittier works that reflected their gritty lives. Fitzgerald tried cranking out another book, Tender is the Night, and again, fell flat. He had lost his magic, it would seem, and with the loss of his magic came the loss of the padding inside his pockets. Zelda suffered a serious of mental breakdowns, and Scott was left in charge of their daughter. He hoped and dreamed for a wonderful life, while having to support his daughter, Scottie, through private school and college, and his wife in her countless trips to private sanitariums. The rest of the Fitzgeralds’ lives were dreary, Zelda having to bus tables in between her trips to asylums, and Scott dying in 1940. Then, suddenly, Gatsby hit gold, and established its worth in the world. In 1945, 155,000 copies were shipped overseas for soldiers in the war to read (1). The American Dream

Cry, The Beloved Country By Allan Paton - 879 Words

Rough Draft #1 Cry, The Beloved Country by Allan Paton shows the theme of â€Å"the broken tribe† (Paton 104) throughout the novel. Paton shows the brokenness through the travels of the main character, Kumalo. Kumalo’s trip to Johannesburg and back to Ndotsheni signifies the novel’s theme, the broken tribe. Paton uses a poetic writing style to give the reader an insight into the brokenness that Kumalo sees. The broken tribe ultimately refers to the brokenness in the individual, in the land, and in the community. The broken tribe on the smallest level refers to the brokenness of the individual. Kumalo, Jarvis, and Absalom are the prime examples of the individual brokenness in Cry, The Beloved Country. Kumalo’s brokenness shows through his struggle to pray and have faith. Kumalo tells Jarvis that â€Å"there is no prayer left in me. I am dumb here inside. I have no words at all† (Paton 105). Kumalo has no hope that his son is not the murderer. Kumalo loses all of his hope and all the hope turns to fear. Kumalo fears that his son is the murderer. Even though he fears that his son is the murderer, he knows that it is â€Å"foolish to fear that one thing in this great city, with its thousands and thousands of people† (Paton 105). Kumalo realizes that it is a very small chance that his son is the murderer since the city of Johannesburg is so big. Kumalo is broken because of his son’s actions. Jarvis’s brokenness shows through his sorrow because of his wife’s death. Jarvis is broken over theShow MoreRelated Corruption In Cry, the Beloved Country, by Alan Paton Essay613 Words   |  3 Pages Corruption is one of the most prevailing themes in Cry The Beloved Country, as well as in today’s world. In this story the author pictures many different characters in order to represent this wide spread illness of society, John Kumalo, Gertrude, Abasalom, just to name a few. Johannesburg itself is the summary of all that is wrong with cities of today. There is corruption and poverty. Crime runs rampant, and law-abiding citizens are forced to survive as they can. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;

“Financial Crises and Corporate Finance Causes, Context and Consequences” Free Essays

string(106) " the deal by providing a credit default guarantee for the SPV in the event of default \(Teasdale, 2003\)\." 1.0 Introduction – background to financial crash of 2007-8 This essay will examine the background and unfolding of the 2007-2008 financial crisis and its impact on the theory and practice of corporate finance. I will analyse whether changes to the way the financial and non-financial corporate sector operated over recent years contributed to the depth and severity of the crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Financial Crises and Corporate Finance: Causes, Context and Consequences† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Specifically, financial deregulation in the 1990s in financial markets and the securitisation of the corporate sector (Ball, 2009), have led to claims that the ‘solution’ to the so-called agency problem of aligning manager and shareholder interests may have actually made the crisis worse. I will argue that the easing of regulations on the mortgage loan sector especially increased the risks of a financial crisis developing by creating the environment for a massive financial asset bubble. Historically low interest rates and ‘easy money’ policies of the US Federal Reserve under Alan Greenspan following the bursting of the technology bubble in 2000 created conditions for the bubble. I will also examine whether the growth in markets for innovative financial products such as CDOs disguised risks and even mispriced assets in the mortgage market by separating the obligation to fund the original loans from the trading of such obligations as collateralised debt. The outcome of the crisis in terms of future corporate financial behaviour and regulatory reforms of the corporate sector will be reviewed. 2.0 Corporate finance models and the financial crisis – the role of CSR Critics of the corporate sector such as Simms have argued that the narrow focus among publicly listed companies on short-term profits over and above sustainable long-term corporate health, helped cause the financial crisis of 2007-9. The process of selling off traditionally run companies to global multinationals had led to the disappearance of famous companies such as Twinings and Cadbury from the British economy, and the loss of jobs related to these closures. Simms is not alone in claiming that the narrow pursuit of short-term profits as well as excessive pay among senior executives has not served the interests of the wider economy and stakeholders including workers and pension funds. Simms sees the selling off and closure of great British enterprises as the result of the loss of traditional family business ethics and their replacement by financial sector values of high returns to investors. Fernandez-Feijoo Souto (2009) analyses the financial crisis in terms of the opportunities it presents for companies to refocus on corporate social responsibility. CSR is seen as growing in importance as part of the corporate culture although there is difficulty in defining what CSR actually means. Fernandez-Feijoo Souto argues that the financial crisis has provided a new urgency to the need to clarify what defines CSR and how it should be implemented. This includes building a name as a responsible business and relating this to growing revenue, keeping key personnel, understanding consumer’s bias toward companies with a good CSR brand; changing relationships through the value chain based on trust and treating customers and suppliers well; improving conditions which in turn reduce employee turnover and raise productivity, and reducing legal conflicts by complying with regulations. Simms argues that companies with a business model that has CSR built into it have been shown to be much better adapted to survive the challenges of the global financial crisis than companies that have followed a short-term profit strategy. He uses the examples of Bear Sterns and Lehmans, which traded under the saying â€Å"Let’s make nothing but money,† as classic examples of the kind of approach that led to disaster. However for each such example, one can point to a similar company, such as Barclays or Goldman Sachs, that have continued to thrive during the financial crisis despite having the same financial focused ethos. This is reflected in the evidence of numerous studies the result of which show unproven links between CSR and cost, profit and longevity (Fernandez-Feijoo Souto, 2009). There is evidence also of a split between positive economic results and more negative financial results, meaning that potentially short term financial gains may come at the cost of longer term economic performance. Lipton, Lorsch and Mirvis (2009) state: â€Å"Excessive stockholder power is precisely what caused the short-term fixation that led to the current financial crisis.† They point to money managers focused on short-term financial results who fuelled excessive risk taking. This tendency was favoured by government and regulators failing to impose checks on risk taking. Lipton, Lorsch and Mirvis see a â€Å"direct causal relationship between the financial meltdown and the short-term focus† of stockholders. 3.0 The role of securitisation in the financial crisis Securitisation of the mortgage and loan market, which developed in the 1990s, is seen by some commentators as central to the development of the financial crisis of 2007-8. Securitisation of asset-backed bonds is the process of creating debt instruments from a package of loan assets, usually home loans, commercial loans and retail loans such as credit card debt or auto loans. This allows banks to release value from the assets on their balance sheet. The asset-backed market was developed in the United States and grew rapidly from the early 2000s. Banks and other originators of mortgages sold on packages of their loans to an issuer, usually called a special purpose vehicle (SPV). The purpose of the securitisation is to reduce the institution’s balance sheet, which allows its return on equity to rise and also releases capital for other purposes. The process of securitisation enables the issuer to achieve enhanced credit ratings, usually up to AAA investment grade (Sundaresan, 1997 ). The credit rating of the original loan does not affect the rating of the SPV, even if the original mortgage holder defaults on the loan or is declared bankrupt. The securitisation deals are normally rated by credit ratings agencies such as Moody’s, Fitch or Standard Poor’s. The investment bank or investor which purchases the SPV securities will often approach an insurer to gold plate the deal by providing a credit default guarantee for the SPV in the event of default (Teasdale, 2003). You read "â€Å"Financial Crises and Corporate Finance: Causes, Context and Consequences†" in category "Essay examples" It has been argued that the complexity of securitisation restricts the ability of investors to assess risk, and that securitisation markets are likely to be subject to serious declines in underwriting standards. 3.1 Credit Default Swaps – analysis of impact of CDS market in the financial crisis The huge growth of the credit default swap (CDS) market is considered by many analysts to be one the worst elements of securitisation. The Bank for International Settlements reports that the CDS market increased in size from $6 trillion in 2004 to $57 trillion in June 2008 measured by notional principal (Stulz, 2010). The government bailout of AIG brought the CDS market to global attention, and led some commentators to see the CDS market as the primary cause of the financial crisis. As Stulz (2010) argues, there are two problems with the CDS market. First, the sellers of credit default swaps are not able to bear the risks they took on, so some of the benefit of credit default swaps in terms of hedging are actually unfounded – ultimately leading to the $80 billion bailout of AIG. Second, because of their inherent leverage of a CDS, they can enable investors to take more risky positions. The availability of these instruments to non-risk-averse investors may lead to risk being un der-priced. However, Stultz shows how the CDS market performed remarkably well around the default of Lehman Brothers. The credit default swap market did not cause the subprime mortgage defaults or the disappearance of liquidity. Excessive leverage by financial institutions and the collapse of the housing market was the cause of the crisis. For example, AIG borrowed heavily to acquire home loan-backed securities and it made even bigger losses on its portfolio of home loan-related securities than on its credit default assets. 4.0 Ponzi schemes and failure of investment banks to report criminal behaviour The crisis also revealed outright criminal activity taking place in the investment sector, most famously in the case of Bernard Madoff, whose wealth management business was exposed as a Ponzi scheme with $65 billion funds missing from accounts. Madoff was sent to prison for 150 years. JP Morgan acted as banker to Madoff but did not report their suspicions about his activities to the SEC (Ferguson, 2012). Critics have commented that there have been very few prosecutions of investment bankers for such activities as ‘shorting’ the very stocks that they recommended to their clients (Lewis, 2010). The Securities and Exchange Commission and New York prosecutors have brought very few prosecutions and no one has faced criminal conviction. Ferguson points out that Morgan Stanley’s Howie Hubler began to bet against securities connected to the subprime market in 2004 with management approval (Ferguson, 2012). The title of Ferguson’s film ‘Inside Job’ refe rs to the pattern of investment bankers and lawyers whose clients are banks then taking senior judicial and political roles in the government and financial authorities. This, it is argued, has caused a disincentive to go after the banks for actions that could be prosecuted. 5.0 Reform of corporate finance regulations – legislation and limits of reform Reform of the banking and wider corporate sector has been discussed and enacted in a variety of forms in the US and Europe. Banks have undergone stress tests to see if they could cope with further financial crises. The UK authorities have begun to reform corporate governance to give shareholders greater power to oversee compensation of executives, such as binding votes on executive pay, but this has not yet been implemented. New rules on the levels of reserves that banks must hold in order to ensure they are able to cope with future crises were agreed in November 2010 at the G20 summit in Seoul. G20 Finance Ministers backed the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s plans for capital and liquidity requirements for financial institutions. However most of these new reserve requirements have not yet been enforced, partly because the banking sector remains extremely fragile following the financial crash with high level of debts still threatening the financial system. Following t he crisis, there were many calls for the separation of retail and investment banking, or even the breaking up of ‘too big to fail’ banks, but these have not been acted on by government. President Obama signed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act into law in July 2010. The Act marks the biggest reform of the US financial sector since the Great Depression (Avery, 2011). Section 939A of the Act effectively bans the use of credit rating agencies in an attempt to improve capital requirements for US banks. However implementation is likely to take many years. In America economists such as Paul Krugman have called for a return of the Glass Steagall Act 1933, which was put in place following the 1929 Wall Street Crash and then removed in the 1990s as part of the liberalisation of the banking sector (Krugman, 2011). Countries with stronger regulation of their banking sector, including Canada, Australia and Germany, did not suffer a banking crisis in the manner of the UK and USA, where regulation was ‘light’. 6.0 Conclusion: comparison with regulatory response to 1929 Financial Crash By comparison with the response of authorities to the Great Crash of 1929, it can be argued that through to 2012, five years after the crisis began, major reforms to the banking sector and to corporate governance in the US and UK have not been implemented in the way they were in the 1930s. This may be a result of the fact that governments and securities oversight authorities are far less independent of the corporate finance sector than they were in the 1930s. The financial services sector has grown in relation to GDP compared to its position in the 1930s, and its political influence is far greater. This means that reform and regulation has been much slower and weaker than it was in the last Great Depression. Calls for reform will not go away, especially as the crisis continues in Europe and North America. Action on corporate governance, and implementation of proposals for financial and banking reform will be required in order to prevent further financial crises occurring in the futur e. REFERENCES Avery, A. W.; 2011. Basel III v Dodd-Frank: What Does it Mean for US Banks, Who’s Who Legal. Ball, A. 2009. The Global Financial Crisis and the Efficient Market Hypothesis: What Have We LearnedThe University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Volume 21, Issue 4, pages 8–16, Fall 2009 Ferguson, C; 2012, Heist of the century: Wall Street’s role in the financial crisis, The Guardian, 20 May 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/may/20/wall-street-role-financial-crisis Fernandez-Feijoo Souto, B.; 2009. Crisis and Corporate Social Responsibility: Threat or OpportunityInternational Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009. International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN), 2008, Statement on the Global Financial Crisis. Krugman, P and Wells, R., 2011, The Busts Keep Getting Bigger: WhyNew York Review of Books,14 July 2011 Lewis, M. 2010, The Big Short, Allen Lane, Penguin. Lipton, M; , Lorsch, J. W. and Mirvis, T.N, Schumer’s Shareholders Bill Misses the Mark, Wall St. Journal, 12 May, 2009 Mirvis, Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen Katz, 2010. Corporate Governance and the Financial Crisis: Causes and Cures, February 28, Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation. Sims, A; 2010. The power of corporate finance is an amoral hazard, The Guardian, 8th September, 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/sep/08/power-corporate-finance-amoral-hazard Stulz, R.M., 2010, Credit Default Swaps and the Credit Crisis, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 24, No. 1: 73-92. Sundaresan, S., Fixed Income Markets and Their Derivatives, South-Western Publishing, 1997, chapter 9. Teasdale, A; 2003, The Process of Securitisation. YieldCurve.comhttp://www.yieldcurve.com/Mktresearch/files/Teasdale_SecuritisationJan03.pdf How to cite â€Å"Financial Crises and Corporate Finance: Causes, Context and Consequences†, Essay examples

Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka Essay Example

Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka Essay Speaker Paper (Dr. Carl Selavka) Dr. Carl Matthew Selavka is one of the world-renowned forensic toxicologists of today. Dr. Selavka has a strong background in biology, chemistry, and forensics, and illustrated that it would be very helpful in the field of forensic science. His background originated from Indiana University where he received his Bachelor of Arts double major in Chemistry and Forensic Science and at Northeastern University where he received a Master of Science in Forensic Chemistry in 1985 and his Doctor of Philosophy in Forensic Analytical Chemistry in 1987. Upon completing the ROTC program at Indiana, Dr. Selavka went to serve the US army. Upon serving, he attended graduate school and continued in education until he received his Doctoral at Northeastern before serving as an active duty member in the United States Army Medical Service Corps from 1987 to 1991. After serving a number of positions in the US Army medical service corps, Dr. Selavka began a career as Director of Forensic Operations at the National Medical Services, Inc. in Willow Grove, PA. One of the main duties he undertook included overseeing the Forensic Science Division of a private toxicology and criminalistics laboratory. We will write a custom essay sample on Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In February 1994, Dr. Selavka was promoted to the Director of Criminalistics where he undertook the responsibility of all administrative aspects of the Criminalistics Department. During his position here, he oversaw many different cases where the quantitative and qualitative analysis of drugs found in things ranging from botanicals to IV bags was performed. In 1996, Dr. Selavka left this position to become a Director of Forensic Services at the New York State Division of Criminal Justice services in Albany, New York. In the two years he was there, he accomplished many things from directing the implementation and maintenance of the DNA databank for NY State convicted offenders to implementing centralized training for NYS forensic scientists. By the summer of 1998 Dr. Selavka had transitioned to Director of the Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory system in Sadbury Massachusetts. The State Police Crime Laboratories were engaged in all types of criminalistics analysis ranging from forensic DNA testing to toxicology to processing evidence from murder, rape and arson cases. Dr. Selavka was responsible for the State DNA Databank and Office of Alcohol Testing. After a nine year period working for the Massachusetts State police, Dr. Selavka left and became a Forensic Science Officer for the US Army Criminal Investigation lab in FT. Gillem Georgia for a year. He then worked as a Production services Manager for the US Air Force Drug Testing Laboratory in Brooks City-Base, San Antonio, Texas until April of last year. Dr. Selavka currently works as a Forensic Toxicologist for Avee Laboratories in Clearwater, Florida. He is also a Forensic Reporting Officer at Trimega Laboratories, Ltd. in London, UK; Cape Town, SA; Ulm, Germany, and a Consulting Forensic Scientist for the Department of Defense and Para-military organizations. Dr. Selavka’s presentation ranged on the many different aspects of Forensic Toxicology. The first part of his discussion centered on the types of drugs toxicologist are interested in. Drugs that were mentioned included benzodiazepines, depressants, opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, marijuana and alcohol. Dr. Selavka pointed out that Alcohol stands out from the other drugs as it is the largest contributing factor to vehicle related accidents as well as consequently deaths. Dr. Selavka also included regular toxicologist studies such as the testing for carbon monoxide, cyanide, inhalants, metals, pesticides and herbicides. Dr. Selavka throughout his discussion participated in numerous engaging interactions with the students, often of comedian value as he illustrated the quantitative and qualitative factors of the range of drugs he discussed about. He also shared that baby boomers used drugs, only now were they using expensive opioid pharmaceuticals that they got prescribed from their doctors. Dr. Selavka had numerously communicated that â€Å"the statistics don’t lie†. A major area that Dr. Selavka has also considerable experience is testing for compliance. He mentioned that any type of employment that are considered safety and security sensitive positions will require some type of bodily testing to detect the presence of illegal drugs. The most common type of testing is urine testing. Dr. Selavka also spent a great deal of time explaining in detail how drugs enter the system, what happens when they enter, and how they leave. He explained the importance of this in four steps of what he calls â€Å"The Average Man Theory†. This theory was similar to what we have been covering in class from chapter nine. The difference was that Richard Saferstein focused on the details of how alcohol is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated in the body, while Dr. Selavka explained in greater detail how alcohol and other drugs go through this process in a human body. Dr. Selavka also explained the importance of each step on how it relates to testing and its elimination in the human body. In His presentation, Dr. Selavka also discussed how during the absorption process of a drug enters the blood stream through skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract and is carried by simple diffusion via plasma, proteins, or red blood cells. Alcohol was discussed in great detail, given its major role in our society. and Dr. Selavka mentioned some interesting facts that has also been mentioned in our textbook regarding alcohol and its absorption. Richard Saferstein demonstrates in his text book how alcohol can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream at radically different speeds based on the total time taken the consume the drink and its alcohol content, the amount consumed, and the quantity and type of food present in the stomach while drinking. Dr. Selavka discussed this process in a very similar fashion. After explaining the processes of absorption, Dr. Selavka discussed the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the alcohol content. Dr. Selavka used a chart in his presentation to communicate get detection windows of certain drugs and how long they last in the human body. This allowed easy comparisons and conclusions to be drawn from how long drugs stay in the human body and when to consider testing urine, oral fluid, breath, blood, sweat, and hair respectively. The information on a sweat patch testing was new to me and I found it incredibly fascinating all the while simplistically brilliant, or brilliantly simplistic. Dr. Selavka went on to explain the different types of testing and spent a great deal of time talking about hair testing. He expelled many rumors about hair testing that the class had preconceived, and clearly described the boundaries of hair testing today. He presented a diagram of the Dermal Papilla and explained how in this area the blood flow nourishes the bottom part of the hair located near the dermis and that it is where blood delivers drugs that become permanently trapped in the hair. After explaining the complexities of hair analysis, Dr. Selavka finally concluded the future of drug testing and its limitations and what to expect in the near future. Dr. Selavka’s presentation was very extensive and provided a range of information presented in a calculated manner. The quality of his presentation parallels that with his expertise in the field, and really engaged the class in participating and running mock conclusions based on previous cases he had encountered. All in all, he is clearly one of the leading experts in his field, world-wide. If he had more time, I would have asked him if he believed drug testing had a future, or could people be, ironically, using drugs to clean other drugs?

North Korea Essays - Crowd Psychology, Hypothetical Technology

North Korea Essays - Crowd Psychology, Hypothetical Technology North Korea One of the misconceptions about the North Korean prisoner camps, where the extraordinary amount of brainwashing happening in them. The communists gave the American prisoners of war some reeducating. Brainwashing proved in the long run to be unproductive, but it did keep 21 Americans in camp. The American armed forces tried to find out what really happened with their own psychologists, but the information taken was inconclusive. Some of the POWs in the North Korean camps where corrupted with the communism toxin, which made a few of the men turn on their own friends and country. No Americans ever escaped from the Communism prison camps. The death rate was the highest in history, 38%. Lt. Col. William E Mayer, one of the psychiatrists who participated in the interviewing and Eugene Kinkead, a free lance writer The revolution of the 1930s proved that the American adolescence church life and schooling was developing a good character in the childrens society, which intern translated itself onto the line of battle. Where the American POWs showed great weakness for the will to survive. As the author of the American Prisoners of War in Korea H. H. Wubben points out about the armed forces, The average soldier gave little concern to the conflicting values underlying the military struggle , , , [and] Although he showed a strong but tacit patriotism, this usually did not lead him in his thinking to subordinate his personal interests to the furtherance of ideal aims and values. The soldiers also faced bouts of apathy or depression which possibly led some of the troops to death. Kinkead-Mayer reported Failures in adjustment were most apparent in the 18-to-23-year-old group wh o had little or no previous experience and much overprotection. Dr. Harold Wolff, a consultant to the Advisory committee reported that about 10% of the Americans didnt put up a fight or corresponded to the enemies requests. The escape rate was not impressive. The Two aspects of the Korean POW story noted by the author H. H. Wubben. First, there is the fact that a poorly understood historical experience is interpreted in such a way that is makes a thoroughly inaccurate comparison between Americans past and Americans present. Second, there is the acceptance by the general public of this nonhistory as history, largely without the aid of historians. Wubben also mentions that these two aspects where recorded from the prisoners The POWs where put into a grouping, depending how they reacted towards the North Koreans while in camp. 5% of the prisoners where resistors, 15% where the participators and the other 80% where the middlemen, which means that they a varied opinion on what stance they would take depending on the situation. Morris Wills, one of the 21 POWs that escaped, testified on behalf of the animalistic approach. He acknowledged You really cant worry about the other fellow; you are at the line of existence yourself. If you go under that, you die. You would help each other if you could. Most would try; I wouldnt say all. They chapter then discusses about the grueling march that the soldiers have to endure before they arrived to the prison camps. Captive British journalist Philip Deance said prisoners faced life or death under brutal march conditions. One of the Lieutenants pleaded with the North Korean soldiers to let a few of his men go, because he pleaded that they would die of exhaustion anyway. The Korean executed him on the spot. Wubben wrote, by implication they blame most of the deaths on prisoner negligence, or worse, on loss of will to live, but five POW physicians noted differently. They wrote that Every prisoner or war in Korea who died had suffered form malnutrition, exposure to cold, and continued harassment by the Communists. One of the writers of the American POW behavior, Stanley Elkins wrote a similar story to the five soldiers. He was quoted in his writings by saying profound changes in behavior and values being effected without physical torture or extreme deprivation. The conditions brought upon the American POWs where extremely brutal, which gave the American soldiers less energy and/or motivation to except from the prison camps. Bibliography no biblio

Scoring and Percentiles - PrepScholar 2016 Students Encyclopedia

Scoring and Percentiles - PrepScholar 2016 Students' Encyclopedia SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT measures reasoning skills and college readiness on a 2400 point scale, with a maximum score of 800 for each of its three sections, Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing. The SAT has used this scale since 2005, following its addition of the Writing section and essay. Before that, it was scored out of 1600, a scalethat will returnwiththe redesigned SAT in March of 2016. Note: this article is a series in the PrepScholar2016 Students' Encyclopedia, a free students' and parents' SAT / ACT guide that provides encyclopedic knowledge. Read all the articles here! Forstudents in the class of 2014 who took the SAT, the average Critical Reading score was 497, average Math score was 513, and average Writing score was 487.Since colleges use the SAT as an admissions test, they typically share data on the average scores of their accepted students. High school students may use this data to define their target SAT scores and compare their results with those of other applicants to the same or similarly ranked schools. While most colleges do not advertise an SAT score requirement, some admissions officers have suggested that they do not look at an application unless it contains a certain minimum score. Students receive their scores about three weeks after taking the test, as do any colleges they listed as score recipients at the time of registration. Students can indicate additional score recipients for $11.25 each. Basic score reports tell students their scaled scores and raw scores broken down by question type. Students can also order the Question and Answer service ($18) for a detailed report of their performance by each question, along with online answer explanations. Students receive one point for every correct answer, zero points for skipped answers, and a deduction of 0.25 points for wrong answers on multiple choice questions. The ten grid-in math questions have no point deductions for wrong answers, and the essay is graded on a scale between 2 and 12. Students receive essay and multiple choice subscores for the SAT Writing section (the multiple choice questions are scored between 20 and 80). Their composite Writing score is based approximately 30% on the essay and 70% on the multiple choice. A score of 0 on the essay is possible if the section is left blank or is illegible, completely off-topic, or written witha prohibited instrument. Raw scores are converted to scaled scores between 200 and 800 through a process called equating, which takes into account the scores of all students who took the SAT on a given administration. Students also receive a percentile that compares their score to that of other test-takers. The following chart shows the most recent conversion of raw scores to scaled scores. While these figures may have some variation from year to year, they remain more or less the same over time. Raw Scores to Scaled Scores for the Class of 2014 Raw Score Critical Reading Scaled Score Math Scaled Score Writing Multiple Choice Scaled Score Raw Score Critical Reading Scaled Score Math Scaled Score Writing Multiple Choice Scaled Score 67 800 31 500 550 55 66 800 30 500 540 54 65 800 29 490 540 53 64 790 28 480 540 52 63 770 27 480 530 51 62 760 26 470 420 50 61 740 25 460 510 49 60 730 24 460 500 48 59 720 23 450 490 47 58 700 22 440 480 46 57 690 21 440 480 45 56 680 20 430 470 44 55 670 19 420 460 43 54 670 800 18 410 450 42 53 660 790 17 410 440 41 52 650 760 16 400 530 40 51 640 740 15 390 420 39 50 630 720 14 380 410 38 49 620 710 80 13 380 400 38 48 620 700 78 12 370 390 37 47 610 690 75 11 360 380 36 46 600 680 73 10 350 370 35 45 600 670 71 9 340 360 34 44 590 660 70 8 330 350 33 43 580 650 68 7 320 330 32 42 570 640 67 6 310 320 31 41 570 640 66 5 300 310 30 40 560 630 64 4 290 290 29 39 550 620 63 3 270 280 27 38 550 610 62 2 260 260 26 37 540 600 61 1 240 240 24 36 530 590 60 0 220 220 22 35 530 590 59 -1 210 200 20 34 520 58- 58 -2 and below 200 200 20 33 520 570 57 32 510 560 56 Writing on 20-80 scale and combined with essay score. Score percentiles compare test-takers to one another on a given SAT administration. The following chart shows the percentiles for various ranges of composite scores for the class of 2014. Composite Score Ranges and Percentiles for the Class of 2014 SAT Composite Score Range Percentile Range 2350-2400 99+ to 99+ 2300-2350 99 to 99+ 2250-2300 99 to 99 2200-2250 98 to 99 2150-2200 97 to 98 2100-2150 96 to 97 2050-2100 95 to 96 2000-2050 93 to 95 1950-2000 91 to 93 1900-1950 88 to 91 1850-1900 85 to 88 1800-1850 81 to 85 1750-1800 77 to 81 1700-1750 73 to 77 1650-1700 68 to 73 1600-1650 63 to 68 1550-1600 57 to 63 1500-1550 52 to 57 1450-1500 46 to 52 1400-1450 40 to 46 1350-1400 34 to 40 1300-1350 28 to 34 1250-1300 23 to 28 1200-1250 18 to 23 1150-1200 14 to 18 1100-1150 10 to 14 1050-1100 7 to 10 1000-1050 5 to 7 950-1000 4 to 5 900-950 2 to 4 850-900 2 to 2 800-850 1 to 2 750-800 1 to 1 700-750 1Â ­ to 1 650-700 1Â ­ to 1Â ­ 600-650 - to 1Â ­ While the chart above displays data on composite score ranges, the next chart shows percentiles by section score ranges for the class of 2014. The Math section is slightly more competitive than the other sections, meaning that a student would have to achieve a higher score in Math to be in a top percentile. For example, a score of 750 translates to 97th percentile in Math, but 98th percentile in Critical Reading. A score of 700 is 93rd percentile on Math versus 95th on Reading, and a 600 is 75th on Math versus 80th on Reading. SectionScore Ranges and Percentiles for the Class of 2014 Section Score Range SAT Reading Percentiles SAT Math Percentiles SAT Writing Percentiles 780-800 99 to 99 99 to 99 99 to 99+ 760-780 99 to 99 97 to 99 99 to 99 740-760 98 to 99 96 to 97 98 to 99 720-740 97 to 98 95 to 96 97 to 98 700-720 95 to 97 93 to 95 96 to 97 680-700 93 to 95 90 to 93 94 to 96 660-680 91 to 93 87 to 90 92 to 94 640-660 88 to 91 83 to 87 89 to 92 620-640 84 to 88 79 to 83 86 to 89 600-620 80 to 84 75 to 79 82 to 86 580-600 75 to 80 70 to 75 78 to 82 560-580 70 to 75 64 to 70 73 to 78 540-560 64 to 70 59 to 64 68 to 73 520-540 57 to 64 52 to 59 62 to 68 500-520 50 to 57 45 to 52 55 to 62 480-500 44 to 50 40 to 45 48 to 55 460-480 37 to 44 33 to 40 41 to 48 440-460 31 to 37 27 to 33 34 to 41 420-440 25 to 31 21 to 27 28 to 34 400-420 19 to 25 16 to 21 21 to 28 380-400 14 to 19 12 to 16 16 to 21 360-380 10 to 14 9 to 12 12 to 16 340-360 7 to 10 6 to 9 8 to 12 320-340 5 to 7 4 to 6 5 to 8 300-320 4 to 5 3 to 4 4 to 5 280-300 3 to 4 2 to 3 2 to 4 260-280 2 to 3 1 to 2 2 to 2 240-260 1 to 2 1 to 1 1 to 2 220-240 1 to 1 1Â ­ to 1 1 to 1 200-220 - to 1 - to 1Â ­ - to 1 Most admissions officers consider SAT scores within a certain range to be more or less equal, rather than giving a significant advantage to a score that is higher than another by 20 or 30 points. Therefore score ranges and percentiles are particularly important pieces of data for students to consider when determining whether their SAT scores make them competitive candidates to their college(s) of choice. Redesign Alert The new SAT will be scored on a scale from 400 to 1600, with a maximum score of 800 for the Math section and 800 for Reading and Writing together. There will be no more point deductions for wrong answers. Read more from theSAT Encyclopedia! Further Reading What Is a Good SAT Score? A Bad SAT Score? An Excellent SAT Score? How Is the SAT Scored? Scoring Charts Calculate Your SAT Target Score

Effects of Caffeine on the Human Body Research Paper

Effects of Caffeine on the Human Body - Research Paper Example It is widely believed that caffeine is a drug which causes addiction and has many harmful effects on the body. This paper aims to research the controversy of these effects. Some of the effects reportedly associated with Caffeine intake are rise in blood pressure, high level of alertness, affects on length and quality of sleep and stunt growth. Though it has also been observed that all individuals do not provide the same response to the stimulus of Caffeine, it nevertheless has been an issue of great concern whether there are any general and noticeable effects of Caffeine on the human body. Introduction: Caffeine is a chemical compound regarded as one of the three most used drugs of the world that affect the mood of the user. Caffeine is said to be a potent and quick-acting drug that produces the same effect on the human body as stress does (Connelly). Caffeine is present in numerous everyday intakes like coffee, tea, cocoa and energy boosting drinks. The amount of Caffeine in the ene rgy boosting drinks is dangerously high, which is one of the major contributing factors towards the hyperactivity following the intake of these drinks. These effects of Caffeine occur instantly and can prevail for 6-8 hours after the consumption. Caffeine is regarded as a drug because of its addictive nature and withdrawal symptoms. The usage of Caffeine-containing beverages and products is very common, such that it has become an everyday need for many people to carry out their day-to-day tasks properly. Research has proven that the effects of Caffeine on the body is differentiated by size (like built, weight etc.) and gender (Rhodes). However, these may not be the only factors influencing the onset of Caffeine effects. It is commonly believed that Caffeine does not affect every individual in the same way. The purpose of this research paper is also the analysis of the effects of Caffeine on the human body. Materials and Methods: Different assumptions will require different sample sp ecifications and methodologies. For analyzing the effect of Caffeine on Blood Pressure, we will need to take a sample of 6 fit individuals; 2 adult males, 1male child, 2 adult females and 1 female child. Before the start of the experiment, all 6 individuals’ Blood Pressures will be noted. Then, 1 adult male, 1 adult female and both the children will be administered with Caffeine (a cup of coffee) while the remaining 2 will be given placebo compounds (sugar). Immediately after administration, the blood pressure will be noted again for all 6 individuals and this will continue with 15minutes time span for the next 6 hours. For analyzing the effect of Caffeine on Alertness, we will require a sample of 4 individuals at minimum. Each individual will be assigned a task to perform (solve mathematics problems) under three different conditions; without the administration of Caffeine, with the administration of a certain amount of caffeine (a cup of coffee) and lastly with another admin istration of the same amount of caffeine as earlier, i.e., double the amount of caffeine (another cup of coffee) (O’Brien). For assessing the effect of Caffeine on Growth, we will require a minimum of 2 individuals. 1 will be administered with Caffeine products while the other will remain away from Caffeine. Visible effects of Caffeine will not be observable; however, we will be able to analyze the effect of Caffeine on growth by noting its effect on Calcium absorption (Ho and Provis). Observation and Analysis: In the first experiment regarding blood pressure, we will notice that those individuals who were given

Poem analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Poem analysis - Assignment Example The play has critical symbols, the cage, the bird, and the knot. The cage symbolizes the marriage that Minnie is trapped in. Her husband, John Wright, controls what she can and cannot have or experience, which is why he killed Minnie’s bird. The bird is Minnie. She used to sing like the bird. She also used to be free and have friends. After being married, John puts her in her rightful place as a woman- a place of constant submission. When the bird dies, her spirit dies too. Finally, at the end, when Mrs. Hale tells the County Attorney that Minnie was going to â€Å"knot† the quilt, she refers to both the rope that Minnie put around her husband’s neck and the silence that Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale will preserve on their knowledge about the bird that reveals Minnie’s state of mind and potential motive. The play is saying that justice does not always come through men’s ways of investigation. These women became the jury for Minnie. They served as the police investigator and judge, where they knew that John deserves to die because he killed Minnie first. Their brand of justice may not be legal, but they followed what they thought was fair to women who live in a world that men control and where women are

Change Management at British Airways (BA)

Change Management at British Airways (BA) This report identifies the Leadership Theory and The Change Management with its impact on British Airways. It clearly outlines the external and internal factors which the new Chief Executive, Willie Walsh, has to consider in order to successfully drive the company forward. In this report different change models are explained as well as the reasons for the change. Leadership Theory: Leadership is actually a process of social influence for the accomplishment of a common task in which one person enlist the aid and support of others. Alan Keith of Genentech states that, Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. According to Ken SKC Ogbonnia, effective leadership is the ability to successfully integrate and maximize available resources within the internal and external environment for the attainment of organizational or societal goals. All above leadership definition and scholars views about leadership interpret that leadership is a unique quality which works in uniting different people on the same point and plate form to win the certain goals and objects. Different theories including power, vision and values, behaviour traits, charisma and situational interaction, intelligence were evolved by the students of leadership. For centuries the search for the characteristics of leaders has been in progress. The early detection of significance of the leadership was the basis of this search and the theory that leadership is embedded in the characteristics that few individual seize. This thought that leadership is based on individual characteristics is called Trait Theory of Leadership This view subjugated experimental and theoretical work in leadership for centuries. Between 1940-1950 reviews of these studies provoked researchers to consider different view for the definition of leadership. There are various models for the theories of leadership. MODEL 1: This model comprises of three effective styles of leadership: Authoritarian leadership style: This style gives the criteria of leadership style in which the working environment is managed by the leader using the strong directives, instructions and controlling actions by enforcing the rules. Democratic leadership style: It is very important style through which leaders take such actions which are collective, interactive and responsive. Laissez-faire leadership style: Let the things and tasks be done by the followers as they want is the essence of this style. The leaders give liberties but no guidance and framework to the followers to perform actions and accomplish the task themselves. MODEL 2: This model bears the great characteristics, the task versus interpersonal. INTEPERSONAL -ORIENTED STYLE OF LEADERSHIP: According to Clark, Donald, 2005, there are certain characteristics of this style of leadership. It offers the style of leadership that gives the opportunity to the leaders to ask the followers for opinions and suggestions and motivate the followers. The leaders give much priority to the thoughts, ideas, and the feelings of the followers. In this style the leaders give liberties of free communications. They have good listening skills and not much oral communication TASK- ORIENTED STYLE OF LEADERSHIP: According to YUKL.G, 2002, the task oriented style of leadership has certain characteristics: In this style, the leaders distribute information. The leaders do not pay attention to the ideas, thoughts and the feelings of others. The rigid sort of communication is exercised. Related to performance, the demands are made by the leaders. In this style written communication works. Model 3: There are four important theories of leadership in this model that are acted upon by any organization to update the business and for extensive management decisions. Michigan leadership studies. Ohio state leadership. McGregors theory X Y Blake and Macaneses leadership study. Importance of leadership skills in 21st Century The leaders of the 21st century are finding it hard to manage the progressively more multi faceted and constantly fast paced nature of the businesses. Engrossed in the unpredictable markets, leadership failures continue to rise even among highly eminent CEOs. Leaders have always developed their skills through, training courses, seminars and coaching-and attaining 21st century leadership skills are no different. In business management, leadership plays a successful role in identifying strengths and weaknesses of an organization and utilize them efficiently to accomplish the goals and objectives set by the organization. Other than decision making, leader has to encourage and lead his team on the road to success. 21st century leaders have many roles to perform due to changing trends in markets, cajole organizations, numerous stakeholders and splited job where they persistently face tradeoffs in focus, energy and time. With a new set of leadership qualities a blended 21st century leadership style is rising: Their leadership style matching to a complex, fast-moving technology based business Skilled in oral communication is a key element of good customer service Articulating a convincing future vision Guiding different groups of people to deliver business goals Cutting unnecessary overheads today while building for tomorrow. Bringing new perspectives and confronts threats without being overloaded Searching for new solutions outside conventional areas Open-minded and inquisitive about their environment To take advantage of new market opportunities organizes the company Works across boundaries and view business as a networks for communities To maximise sustainable growth uses partnerships and collaboration Have the ability to identify and define problems, invent and implement solutions, and trail and assess results. Another key to success is good personal management, self motivation, and career development skills are critical. Irrespective of whether a company is running with ten people or with ten departments the importance of leadership is obligatory. These leadership skills play a vital role in increasing the competence of the available resources and achieving the set goals of an organization. Organizational Change Management: Change management is defined as, to prepare, commence, recognize, organize, and stabilize change processes on both, corporate and personal level There are two types of changes: 1. Organizational Change: It is more steady and evolutionary approach and is based on the hypothesis that it is possible to ally company objectives with the individual employees objectives. This is rarely possible in actual practice 2. Reengineering Change: Known as business transformation or corporate transformation. It is the more fundamental form of change management, since it challenges all elements of processes or structures that have evolved over time. CHANGE MODEL: Bechard and Lewin introduced the most famous and important change model in 1951 and 1969. In 1980 Quinn and Lewian further explained this task. LEWIN: According to Lewin 1951, the introductory methods to manage the change are as follows: Unfreezing, existing attitudes are supported by the change in the present equilibrium. New responses can be developed according to new information. Refreezing, by introducing new responses in the personality concerns, can stabilize the change. THE FIELD FORCE ANALYSIS is the only methodology observes change suggested by Lewin that involves: The transition to the future state is affected analysing the driving forces. The differentiation between driving and restraining forces is necessary. Measures should be taken to give rise to critical driving forces and diminish critical restraining force (Martin, 2006). In order to conclude the need and capability of Organizational change management should begin with the identification of the current circumstances, deep understanding about leadership skills, group dynamics, and creative marketing. RESISTANCE TO CHANGE: May be external or internal. EXTERNAL: External resistance defiantly affects the process of change. The cultural, social and political environment all resist to change. Effective Communications with various stakeholders explaining them the reasons for the change (why?), the benefits of successful implementation (what is in it for us, and you) as well as the details of the change (when? where? who is involved? how much will it cost? etc). INTERNAL: At the time of implementation of change, organization can face some resistances to change internally from the workers like: Lack of knowledge Deficiencies in training Fears to lose something. Absence of trust. Communication problems. Normally, people perceive change processes in seven typical stages. Introduction: This report reviews the understanding of the concept of Organizational Change and its long term effect on the organization with regard to changes brought in British Airways British Airways is the fourth largest and one of the fastest growing airlines in the world. Leadership qualities and its unique culture helped in the growth of the company. Chief executive Bob Ayling, brought changes in the company without its employees support. At the time when BA was making record profit he thought change was necessary as some long term decision were to be made. He brought the change by outsourcing departments like engineering, information technology and maintenance to developing countries and by raising the morale of the staff by introducing training programmes and establishing hotel for the staff at Heathrow airport. Our aim is to be benefiting the customers, employees and shareholders, and to fulfil our commitments to the society. (http://www.guardian.co.uk). Background of British Airways British Airways aims in bringing people together by taking them wherever they want to go. This apply not only to the 36 million passengers that travel with them but also to their employees.Inspite of having challenges over the past few years the company is very competitive travel industry. They believe that they have firm strategy which keeps them moving forward. Based in London at Heathrow Airport British Airways PLC is the leading intercontinental airline in the world. Being UKs sole network carrier globally it serves 95 million people a year approximately to 550 destinations in 97 countries using about 1000 planes and 441 airports. British Airways feels proud in providing full range of services to their customers whether they are in air or on ground. British Airways A Snap shot 1916: Establishment of Predecessor Aircraft Transport Travel Ltd. 1919: Worlds first scheduled international air service was inaugurated 1933: Establishment of service to India and Singapore. 1935: The merger of three smaller airline companies forms the basis of British Airways. 1939: British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) was formed by the union of British Airways and Imperial Airways and also nationalized. 1949: BOAC imbibe British South American Airways (BSAA) 1958: Successful completion of first jet trans-Atlantic service. 1962: Supersonic transport (SST) is build by BOAC and Air France agreement to commit funds. 1967: Second around-the-world route is established by BOAC. 1974:Company is restructured under the British Airways name 1976: The first SST Concordes service was inaugurated simultaneously by British Airways and Air France. 1987: Privatization of British Airways. 1987: British Airways buys British Caledonian (BCal). 1988: Marketing alliance of British Airways with United Airlines that two years later collapses. 1992: 44 % of USAir Inc is purchases by British Airways. 1998: Between British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Canadian Airlines, Qantas and American Airlines One world global alliance is launched -a group that grows to eight members. 2000: Opening of British Airways London Eye observation wheel; in its first year of operation 3 million people ride the wheel. 2006 and 2007 award of the year for SKYTRAX and OAG airline. 2007 award of best airline based in Western Europe. 2007 best trans-Atlantic airline award. 14-03-2008 at a cost of 403 billion pound Heathrow terminal 5 was opened to be used exclusively by BA. Additional Details Public Company Frequent Flyer Programme: Executive Club Premier (Invitation) Key People: Willie Walsh (CEO) Tense Relationships :Virgin Atlantic, Formed 1984 Employees: 65,157 Sales: Â £9.278 billion (US $13.151 billion) (2001) Stock Exchanges: London New York Frankfurt Munich Ticker Symbol: BAY (London); BAB (New York) NAIC: 481111 Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation; 481112 Scheduled Freight Air Transportation; 56152 Tour Operators Changes in British Airways: To improve the future of the organization and reputation against the competitors British Airways chairman and board of directors decided to downsize the organization. The changes were totally revolutionary and dominantly strategic. Vast resistance was faced by British airways from department of labour and development, local and environmental NGO and unions both internally and externally against these changes. As BA marketing value changed at 15% due to fierce competition with other international airlines they had huge pressure to bring this change. The change started in 2005 by changing its top management and appointing Willie Wash as CEO. The main focus to change is followed: Reduction in cabin crew Internal and external change. Financial losses. Drop in profit. Increased Competition. Loss of Market Share. Technological Development. Cultural change. Vision of change The vision of British Airways is One Destination seeks to ensure our customers fly confident that, together, we are acting responsibly to take care of the world we live in. Mission to change In its words: British Airways is aiming to set new industry standards in customer service and innovation, deliver the best financial performance and evolve from being an airline to a world travel business with the flexibility to stretch its brand in new business areas. (http://www.britishairways.com) Objectives of change To face the global economic and market environment give new ideas and innovation to the individuals so that they are competitive. Changing internal and external culture of the organization Offer good services to the passengers Introduction of the continental food. According to market conditions introduction of new technology and packaging. To have profound effect on the character and personality of the BA individuals give them comprehensive knowledge of managerial and technological skills. To increase the productivity of the units fabricate leadership qualities in individuals. Creating a positive and dynamic learning environment to bring a paradigm shift. The hub for the introduction of MBA programme by BA was that the knowledge and training should be thoroughly applied within the organization and future growth and development of the employees should be related to this training. Strengths of Change in British Airways: Before change a clear and set objectives are there. Specific issues and problems were focused in planning and involvement. Before introduction of new technology collection of data and marketing survey was done. Every employee got incentive in the shape of Golden handshake and transfer in other units by downsizing strategy. According to market demand introduction of new technology. Weaknesses of Change in British Airways Identification of the problems that were surfacing in the organization. In some areas lack of policy direction. Need of cross functional communication Long distance between communication chain like the decision-making unit and the primary sources of information. Senior executives were over worked Power structure was weak. Top management was difficult to reach. Decentralized structure Lack of sufficient training. SWOT Analysis of BA: (S)trengths: Well-established brand name British Airways gained loyalty and trust from the customers. With strong international alliances BA has a global geographic exposure with excellent communication. BA took full advantage of technological development through innovative culture e.g. online sales, drive thru check in. Purchase of the new fleet and the appropriate aircrafts to make travelling comfortable for the passengers gave BA advantage over their competitors. (W)eaknesses: Soaring debts are still BA main concern. Events like 2001 Iraq war and 2005 terrorist attacks had negative effect on BA due to its reliance on the international air travel and this threat still persists. Job cuts may have negative effect on the BA as previous experience with the cost -cutting exercise resulted in understaffing and 2004-2005 industrial actions. Exposure of the rule that adult male passenger cannot sit next to the child led to sex discrimination allegation against BA. Unions threatening to go on strike against downsizing. BA was declared by AEA as the worst airline for lost and delayed baggage due to clogging of belt carrying bags and malfunction of baggage handling system. Worst airline for the arrival and departures of the short and medium haul flights. In 2007 Heathrow as voted worlds least favourable airport as it being overcrowded and subject to delay. Shortage of the staff car park space due to non availability of space Delays in getting to work due to long queues for security check up. (O)pportunities BAs online customer base expanded further by the growth of internet worldwide. As customers expectations are raising value added and innovative flight services will attract more customers. Opening in 2020 of a third short runway and sixth terminal will benefit BA and make Heathrow a global gateway. (T)hreats BA market share is under threat from the low cost airlines which continuously enjoy strong growth and power in the market. Fluctuations and continuing growth of the fuel prices pose another threat to BA. Customers are still vigilant of the threat of repeated terrorist attacks. More companies are focusing on high quality in their strategy plan which increases competition in low cost airline market. Conclusion: Organizations decision making both informing and enabling strategic direction should be fully incorporated in the Change management approach. Organizations history, readiness, and capacity to change forms the realistic review for the management change. British Airways is one of the leading international airlines in the world. The organizational Change brought by the British Airways were effective not only in introducing modern technology but also improved the performance of the airline. To defeat the competitors BA introduced different options for its customers and tried to stabilize its position in the airline market. By encouraging its employees through different incentives tried to improve their skills and knowledge which is beneficial not only for them but also for the organization.

Japanese Comfort Women Essay

It is estimated that between one and two hundred thousand female sex slaves were forced to deliver sexual services to Japanese soldiers, both before and during World War II. These women were known as comfort women and the Imperial Conference, which was composed of the emperor, representatives from the armed forces and the main Cabinet ministers, approved their use by Japanese soldiers. Walkom) The term â€Å"comfort women† refers to the victims of a â€Å"premeditated systematic plan originated and implemented by the government of Japan to enslave women considered inferior and subject them to repeated mass rapes,† said Michael D. Hausefeld, one of over 35 lawyers in his firm representing the former sexual prisoners in a class action lawsuit currently pending against the Japanese government. (Eddy) Since ancient times, prostitutes in Japan chose to sell their bodies either for family, poverty, or for saving her husband and her children. More or less, their sacrifices were seen as positive. But, being forced to become comfort woman by Japanese is seen as negative. The difference between the Japanese prostitutes and comfort women is that the comfort women did not choose to be trapped as a sex slave and they were not paid for what they did. In 1931, when the Japanese army invaded Manchuria, â€Å"comfort houses† made their first appearances. These comfort houses were created to provide the Japanese soldiers with outlets for their sexual needs. In the beginning, there were only a few comfort houses but after the Nanjin Massacre occurred in 1937, many more were added, basically to every place that the Japanese were stationed. (Walkom) After the Japanese soldiers slaughtered thousands of Chinese people in the Nanjin Massacre, they barbarically raped an insurmountable number of women. As a result, anti-Japanese sentiments grew and it became harder to fully occupy these lands. The government set up comfort houses to decrease disorder and give the approximately two million soldiers a place to satisfy their sexual needs. The Japanese did not have enough prostitutes to supply the needs of the soldiers so they commissioned civilians to develop comfort houses. At the time, only a small percentage of Japanese women were mobilized to â€Å"work† in comfort houses and they were all prostitutes to begin with. The majority of the comfort women were actually Korean women, who were forcibly taken from Korea to service the needs of the Japanese soldiers. After the war, the Japanese government destroyed all evidence of their involvement in Japanese comfort houses, enforcing that commercial businessmen were responsible for the movement of women. Many of the comfort women were kidnapped or deceived into voluntarily working in comfort houses. Once they were there, they were trapped and forced into prostitution. Some women reported that Japanese agents offered them good jobs or education. Others were told that each family in the village had to donate a daughter to the war effort. Many others were offered food, shelter and factory jobs. The Japanese also kidnapped young, unmarried girls when they had a shortage of comfort women. The ages of the girls in the comfort houses ranged from 15 to 19, with the minority exception of some younger girls and some older, married women. The girls were transported between military bases like cargo, under heavy guard in army trucks, trains, ship and bus. They were forced to lose their virginity before arriving at the bases to prepare them for having sexual intercourse with tens of soldiers every day. Many women contemplated death after this, as they believed their virginity to be more precious than life. (Henson) When living in the comfort houses, the comfort women lived in fear and desperation. They were unable to leave, as they were heavily guarded. Each day, they were penetrated by as many as 50 soldiers, until they were sore and bloated to the point of not being able to open their legs. If they were infected with a sexually transmitted disease, they received injections known as Injection 606. If infected enough times, they lost their fertility. In Japan, infected women were killed. Their food was mixed with cyanide, their bodies taken to a cave and finally, the cave was blown up with a grenade. The comfort houses made money off these women and it is believed that the Japanese government paid them, as most of the soldiers paid by coupons. As soon as the war was finished, the Japanese Imperialist guards disappeared without trace. Most comfort women describe the experience this way, † Suddenly, the soldiers came no more, and upon asking we found that the war had ended. † In other regions, as the Japanese committed â€Å"harikari†, the women were forced to do the same. In extreme cases, the women were put in a cave and blown up. After the war, many of the comfort women were too sick to be moved and were taken under the care of the American army. Most of the women were left with no place to go, as they were in a strange country with no money, and were too humiliated to go home. According to one comfort woman, † my body’s wasted, therefore I do not dare go home in fear of being ignored and looked down upon. † Even after the war ended, the comfort women were not free. Their guilty minds and inferiority complexes kept them from returning home and they stayed in foreign countries. The small amount that married, were often forced to separate after the fact that they were comfort women was known, or they were divorced because they could not have children. The victims are still suffering the pain physically and psychologically. More than half of them could not get pregnant, and most of them have chronicle diseases. Furthermore, the psychological impact on these women made them felt themselves dirty, ashamed that they disgraced themselves and isolated themselves from others. They are either afraid of getting married, or unable to ask for any commitment from their lovers. For those who got married, their marriage was unstable and unhappy due to their past. Some thought that they must have done something evil in their previous life that they have to be punished in this life. (Hicks) They go to tempos to chant sutras, to confess, to pursue liberation, and they even commit suicide. Although the period of time they spent at the Japanese military base was a small part of their life, what they had experienced caused an incurable impact on their health, marriage, mind, and social adaptation. Although the Japanese government continues to deny or minimize their involvement with comfort women, their defense is unraveling. A conference on â€Å"Japanese Crimes Against Humanity: Sexual Slavery and Forced Labor† was held last year, in which Japanese researchers delivered papers which claimed that the Japanese military, the rest of the government, and Japanese industry were all involved in the decision to provide sex slaves for the country’s soldiers. (Chunghee) Japanese historian Hirofumi Hayashi said: â€Å"The establishment and development of the military ‘comfort women’ system†¦ as not only carried out by the total involvement of every section of the military but also by administrative machinery at every level of the Japanese state†¦ In addition, we should not overlook that Japanese companies were their accomplices. † (Chunghee) Researchers from the Center for Research and Documentation of Japan’s War Responsibilities in Yo kohama showed that Japanese rubber companies were under government contract to supply 20 million condoms a year to armed forces once the decision had been made to provide sex slaves to the soldiers. Rumiko Nishino wrote that â€Å"high-ranking adjutants† commissioned by Cabinet and sub-Cabinet-level government officials implemented the distribution of the condoms. The availability of condoms to the general population became â€Å"almost nil. † (Chunghee) Last year, the Japanese appeals court overturned an earlier ruling that orders the government to compensate women who were forced to serve as sex slaves during World War II. Both sides had appealed that ruling. The plaintiffs because they thought the compensation was too small, and the government because they refused to pay. Duke) In deciding in favor of the government, the Hiroshima High Court said abducting women to use them as forced laborers and sex slaves was not a serious constitutional violation. Tokyo has admitted that its wartime army had set up brothels, and forced thousands of Koreans, Filipinos, Dutch and Chinese to serve as prostitutes, but it has refused to compensate these victims. Historians say as many as 200,000 women were forced into sexual slavery during World War II.

Realism Of Film And Film Of The 1950s And 40s Through The...

Realism’s relationship with cinema and film form is one which has been debated since the beginnings of film theory. There are many different arguments on how best to capture realism on film. It came to the forefront of film theory in the 1930s and 40s through the Italian neorealism movement. Andre Bazin was a french film critic and theorist who is best known for his writing on realism in film. He argued that cinema is fundamentally realistic and that filmmakers should not alter what an audience views, with exception. He favours the long deep focus shot such as those used in Orson Well’s Citizen Kane. Sergei Eisenstein, a soviet director and theorist, favoured the opposite approach to achieving realism in film. Basing his theory around early work by Kuleshov and Pudovkin, Eisenstein championed montage as the only way to capture realism in film. His theory is based around the idea that reality is dialectical, with much of his work stemming from the politics of Karl Marx a nd Friedrich Engels. He argues that as reality is dialectical, then the filmmaking that seeks to capture this reality must also be dialectical. On the face of it these methods are polar opposites however they both attempt to solve the question of how best to capture realism in the cinema. Through this shared goal there is similarity in the two different theorists approaches that hint at neither method necessarily being more effective in capturing reality. Despite the debate on how best to capture realism,Show MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesFILM LANGUAGE FILM LANGUAGE A Semiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6

Antonymy - Definition and Examples in English

The semantic qualities or sense relations that exist between words (lexemes) with opposite meanings in certain contexts (i.e., antonyms). Plural antonymies. Contrast with synonymy. The term antonymy was introduced by C.J. Smith in his book Synonyms and Antonyms (1867). Pronunciation:Â  an-TON-eh-me Observations Antonymy is a key feature of everyday life. Should further evidence be required, try visiting a public lavatory without checking which is the gents and which is the ladies. On your way out, ignore the instructions which tell you whether to push or pull the door. And once outside, pay no attention to whether traffic lights are telling you to stop or go. At best, you will end up looking very foolish; at worst, you will end up dead. Antonymy holds a place in society which other sense relations simply do not occupy. Whether or not there exists a general human tendency to categorize experience in terms of dichotomous contrast ([John] Lyons 1977: 277) is not easily gauged, but, either way, our exposure to antonymy is immeasurable: we memorise opposites in childhood, encounter them throughout our daily lives, and possibly even use antonymy as a cognitive device to organise human experience. (Steven Jones, Antonymy: A Corpus-Based Perspective. Routledge, 2002) Antonymy and Synonymy For the better-known European languages at least, there are a number of dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms available, which are frequently used by writers and students to extend their vocabulary and achieve a greater variety of style. The fact that such special dictionaries are found useful in practice is an indication that words can be more or less satisfactorily grouped into sets of synonyms and antonyms. There are two points that should be stressed, however, in this connexion. First, synonymy and antonymy are semantic relations of a very different logical nature: oppositeness of meaning (love:hate, hot:cold, etc.) is not simply the extreme case of difference of meaning. Second, a number of distinctions have to be drawn within the traditional concept of antonymy: dictionaries of antonyms are only successful in practice to the degree that their users draw these distinctions (for the most part unreflectingly). (John Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge Univers ity Press, 1968) Antonymy and Word Classes Oppositeness . . . has an important role in structuring the vocabulary of English. This is especially so in the adjective word class, where a good many words occur in antonymous pairs: e.g. long-short, wide-narrow, new-old, rough-smooth, light-dark, straight-crooked, deep-shallow, fast-slow. While antonymy is typically found among adjectives it is not restricted to this word class: bring-take (verbs), death-life (nouns), noisily-quietly (adverbs), above-below (prepositions), after-before (conjunctions or prepositions). . . . English can also derive antonyms by means of prefixes and suffixes. Negative prefixes such as dis-, un- or in- may derive an antonym from the positive root, e.g. dishonest, unsympathetic, infertile. Compare also: encourage-discourage but entangle-disentangle, increase-decrease, include-exclude. (Howard Jackson and Etienne ZÃ © Amvela, Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. Continuum, 2000) Canonical Opposites [W]hile antonymy is variable (i.e., context dependent), particular antonym pairs are often canonical in that they are known without reference to context. . . . For example, the color senses of black and white are opposed and so are their racial senses and their good/evil senses as in white magic and black magic. Canonicity of antonym relations also plays a role in context-specific antonymy. As Lehrer (2002) notes, if a frequent or basic sense of a word is in a semantic relation with another word, that relation can be extended to other senses of the word. For example, the basic temperature sense of hot contrasts with cold. While cold does not usually mean legally acquired, it can have that meaning when contrasted (with enough context) with hot in its stolen sense, as in (9). He traded in his hot car for a cold one. (Lehrer 2002) For readers to understand the intended sense of cold in (9), they must know that cold is the usual antonym of hot. Next they must deduce that if cold is the antonym of hot, then no matter what hot is used to mean in this context, cold means the opposite thing. The stability of some such antonym pairs across senses and contexts is evidence that those antonymic pairings are canonical. (M. Lynne Murphy, Semantic Relations and the Lexicon. Cambridge University Press, 2003) Antonymy and Word-Association Testing If a stimulus has a common opposite (an antonym), it will always elicit that opposite more often than anything else. These responses are the most frequent found anywhere in word association. (H.H. Clark, Word Associations and Linguistic Theory. New Horizons in Linguistics, ed. by J. Lyons. Penguin, 1970) See Also AntithesisVocabulary Builder #1: AntonymsWriters on Writing: Ten Tips for Finding the Right Words