Conclusion and Recommendations Free Essays

A Study of Criminal Justice Major Undergraduate College Students And Their Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System in Comparison with others who have Lesser Knowledge of the System Part 1: Introduction Criminal Justice is among the most misconstrued elements of the general public. There seems, by all accounts, to be various sides of discernment in regards to this issue from various divisions of the human network. The divisions principally are based from two significant perspectives. We will compose a custom exposition test on End and Recommendations or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now The principal division is the place the proficient people have a place. They are the individuals who are increasingly mindful of the circumstance and the hypotheses that underlie it. While on the opposite side of the division are the individuals who fundamentally base their comprehension upon what is really self-evident. They mean to appreciate with what Criminal Justice through the premise of the real circumstances that occur in the general public. This is the place misinterpretation of the entire thought of what wrongdoing, what equity and what Criminal Justice is all in all. In this paper, the distinction of the two significant observations tended to before with respects the truth of Criminal Justice will be talked about. More probable, this examination will be legitimately engaged upon the significance just as effect that training has on people who have not increased further comprehension of what Criminal Justice is. The thought is to contrast their discernments and other people who are essentially basing their convictions with respect to the said issue on clear events. A Study of Criminal Justiceâ â â â â â Page 2 1.1â â â â Background of the Study The American culture, in spite of the fact that they are noted to be among the countries having the most number of laws and guidelines with respects wrongdoing turns into the essential survivor of wrongdoing itself during the previous hundreds of years. For what reason does this occur? Why the American culture and why they are turning into the objective? It couldn't be denied that there are various individuals from the American populace that has a place with the minorities. This populace especially incorporates the migrants from different nations and other ethnic gatherings present inside the American regions. Thus, social decent variety is undoubtedly clear inside the said society. Social decent variety at that point especially causes the distinctions of the individuals living in one network making individual clashes not that difficult to happen. Thus, an ever increasing number of violations are being dedicated by the individuals who are non-Americans as they are overpowered with the existence that faces them in a remote land which is a great deal unique in relation to the manner in which they live their lives inside their own nations. One product of the said clashes is that individuals are constrained on occasion to perpetrate botches illegal, more terrible, they carry out violations against their fellowmen carrying melancholy and caution to the entire network. How at that point do individuals see these appalling circumstances in the general public? Tragically, not every person comprehends the entire image of the story in one look alone. This implies there is a requirement for more profound comprehension A Study of Criminal Justiceâ â â â â â Page 3 to truly have the option to understand with what's going on. The utilization of equity in the general public likewise turns into significantly increasingly flawed as the years pass. This is the motivation behind why numerous people have an alternate discernment with regards to the uprightness and the viability of the Criminal Justice System in the general public. 1.2â â â â Statement of the Problem To have the option to have a more profound comprehension of the examination being made, the issue proclamation that follows will be tended to deliberately inside the paper: â€Å"Criminal Justice is a factor of the social guideline where a few gatherings of individuals are included. Understanding the said issue in an increasingly target way isn't excessively simple. Now and again, just the individuals who can pick up information with respect to the said issue could really fathom to the said framework that administers the human clashes in the general public today. This is the motivation behind why the explanation of the said thought ought to be given nearer consideration by scientists of the said field.† 1.3â â â â Research Questions To have the option to have a guide or a deciding framework for the consummation of this examination, the accompanying inquiries will be replied during the procedure of this exploration:  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Does instruction have an impact on convictions and comprehension with respect to Criminal Justice?  Step by step instructions to refer to Conclusion and Recommendations, Papers

The Origins of Vernacular Language and Its Spread free essay sample

The term vernacular can be characterized as utilizing a language that is local to a nation or area, instead of a refined, remote, or artistic language. The vernacular dialects would likewise be considered as the enormous group of contemporary â€Å"Romance† dialects (Matthews, 2007). These vernacular dialects would one day be referred to use as Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and so on. Prior to the twelfth century, Latin was the significant language that was utilized for writing and among the informed. The discoveries of Latin were impacted by other local dialects which incorporated those of Celtic dialects, Greek, and Etruscan (University of Calgary, 1996). The Latin language was reliably evolved because of the reality there were noteworthy contrasts during every period. These distinctions incorporated those in the abstract composed language, and furthermore because of contrasts in the communicated in language of the informed and those of the less taught people. Improvement of Vernacular Language in the first place, Latin was just one of a few Italic dialects in which every one of them had a place with the Indo-European etymological family, and the advancement of these dialects were impacted by different tongues, including the language known as Celtic, Etruscan and Greek. We will compose a custom paper test on The Origins of Vernacular Language and Its Spread or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the same way as other different dialects, Latin language experienced constant turn of events. During every time of its advancement there were numerous contrasts between the artistic composed language, which was extremely unmistakable from the communicated in language of the informed versus those of the less instructed masses. Inside the communicated in language, obtaining from different tongues was basic at all periods (University of Calgary, 1996). The improvement of writing and learning in Latin language was unequivocally affected by the Greek, yet for individuals in Western Europe crafted by Latin writers had a monstrous range significance. This demonstrated persuasive were the creators of the Golden Age (from c. 70 BCE to 14 CE), including the composition authors Cicero, Caesar and Livy. It additionally incorporated the writers Virgil, Ovid and Horace, whose works have become some portion of an enduring scholarly and instructive legacy that has made due for a long time. Significantly in the wake of following the spread of Christianity, instructed people, including the Western (Latin) Fathers of the Church, consistently partook in this legacy (University of Calgary, 1996). After the Empire between 500-1000, vernacular language was additionally being utilized by the landmass for well known festivals of strict celebrations, improvisational troupes of entertainers, narrators, and so forth (Matthews, 2007). Lamentably none of the writing was recorded with the goal that it might be passed on to ages. Notwithstanding, albeit none of the writing was recorded at an opportune time, there was sufficient of the writing left around the year 1200 to demonstrate that the basic language could be created into genuine writing for the average folks. The Spread of Vernacular Language Vernacular language was first spreaded by the French, which incorporated their artistic works, and when of the fourteenth century, vernacular works had cleared its path through Europe. The move from the Latin language to vernacular language presents a significance in light of a legitimate concern for elegant writing. During the ascent of vernacular language, the woman’s job was not subverted. Reason being is that respectable ladies were the ones to have commission attempts to be written in or converted into vernacular language, which assisted with protecting, history. When of the fifteenth century, vernacular language was very much searched out to be the language of writing, authentic record and individual articulation. In any case, at long last vernacular language was frequently exposed to be normalized. The chance of vernacular language having the option to rise and spread was on the grounds that numerous individuals didn't speak Latin, not in any case the honorable men. Vernacular language was in the long run utilized over Latin, since it made it simpler to change over individuals to Christianity. Innovative advances, additionally helped spread vernacular language and lead to an expansion in proficiency rates were seen as basic. There were various factors behind the ascent of vernacular language. The fantasy to spread Christianity, the craving of ladies to participate in social discussions and the innovative advances are just three of the numerous variables that made it feasible for vernacular language to surpass the Latin language. A resulting normalization of vernacular language is a supposed to be a consistent outcome. Factor One: Spread Christianity Because the longing to make Christianity accessible for the wide populace was so significantly wanted, it is one of the significant variables for the ascent of vernacular language. Since priests were increasingly versed in the investigations of vernacular language, just as science and the good book they were normally the ones who made a letter set to make an interpretation of the Latin book of scriptures into vernacular language. When Christian readings and lessons were accessible in the vernacular language, it turned out to be a lot simpler to change over individuals to Christianity (Bouchard, 2004). Despite the fact that vernacular language was utilized more than the Latin language, there was as yet a discussion about whether or not strict administrations ought to be held in Latin or in vernacular language. This discussion got one of the central purposes of the Reformation in the sixteenth century (Slavitt, 1999). Factor Two: Women Wanting to Take Part As expressed previously, the job of ladies during the ascent of vernacular language hould likewise have been not be subverted, as it was those respectable ladies who had dispatched attempts to be written in or meant vernacular language, which had helped saved history (McCash, 2008). Despite the fact that schools were on the ascent, that is in any event for well off young men, the primary subject stayed Latin and in spite of the fact that young ladies of a sim ilar social class was instructed to peruse and distinguish Latin, they lamentably didn't become familiar with its sentence structure or its actual significance (Orme, 2006). In this way, when ladies chose they needed to take part in social discussions, they needed to do as such in vernacular language (McCash, 2008). Do to the way that ladies didn't have the foggiest idea about the genuine importance and sentence structure of the Latin language, vernacular language had the option to enabled ladies and lead them towards more prominent opportunity of articulation and by the fifteenth century, works by ladies were no longer seen as odd (McCash, 2008). Factor Three: Technological Advances In request for vernacular language to continue rising advances in innovation and the import of papermaking strategies were significant (Slavitt, 1999). The creation of portable letters and a printing procedure by Gutenberg took into consideration large scale manufacturing which was significant for the spread of vernacular language too. Artistic works were quicker and simpler to make due to the printing procedure (Chappell, 2011). The Bible, was the main book printed by Gutenberg and to nothing unexpected it was written in vernacular. The education rate thrived because of the mechanical development, since any individual who could communicate in the vernacular language could figure out how to peruse and write in it also (Slavitt, 1999). (Slavitt, 1999). Going into the fifteenth century, vernacular language was well over built up as the principle language of writing, individual articulation and authentic record (McCash, 2008). Latin, remained as a significant language for legitimate procedures and science as it was viewed as sheltered from change (Vincze, 2009). The ascent and spread of vernacular language was particularly so conceivable in light of the fact that numerous individuals didn't communicate in the Latin language. Vernacular language had the option to flourish as a result of the different elements. Numerous dialects from different nations that we hear and for some talk today originate from the vernacular language.

Primer trimestre del primer año

Primer trimestre del primer año Esta es la segunda anotación de mi serie “anotaciones que deben escribirse porque algunas de las categorías nuevas no tienen demasiado contenido”. Hoy, tenemos el privilegio de desmenuzar el primer trimestre de mi primer año a fin de analizar las calificaciones de primer año. Contexto Espero que ya conozcan los términos Aprobado/Sin registro. Básicamente, durante el primer trimestre de primer año en el MIT, solamente te evalúan con “Aprobado” o “Desaprobado”. Si obtienes una A, B o C en una clase, en tu expediente académico solo queda registrado como “A” de “Aprobado. Si obtienes una D o F, no queda registrado en tu expediente; es como si nunca hubieras asistido a esa clase. Creo que es un muy buen sistema por varios motivos. Las clases del MIT son más exigentes que las de la escuela secundaria, y los alumnos suelen obtener las calificaciones más bajas de sus vidas en el primer trimestre del MIT. El sistema incentiva a los alumnos de primer año a divertirse y a explorar la vida fuera de los salones de clase sin que tengan que preocuparse exageradamente por sus calificaciones. Los alumnos de primer año pueden aprender a administrar su tiempo prudentemente y encontrar un equilibrio entre las obligaciones y el ocio sin afectar los expedientes académicos. El sistema de “Aprobado” o “Sin registro” ayuda a los alumnos del MIT a disminuir el estrés por sus notas. En consecuencia, a menudo ignoran sus trabajos y corretean y juguetean incluso cuando “deberían” estar haciendo otras cosas. (Por ejemplo: una noche de noviembre a la 1 de la mañana en mi primer año, estaba estudiando para un examen 8.01x (física) que tenía a la mañana siguiente. Mi amigo Akhil me envió un mensaje preguntándome si quería ir a recorrer el campus. Le dije que sí. Terminé trasnochando antes de un examen porque me estaba divirtiendo explorando túneles, sótanos y lugares similares. Fue genial). Mi primer año El primer año en el MIT fue bastante difícil para mí en el aspecto académico, ya que no había tenido Física Avanzada ni Química Avanzada en la escuela secundaria. Todo era nuevo y representaba un desafío, y los problemas que daban eran difíciles… Además, nunca aprendí a administrar el tiempo prudentemente en la escuela secundaria porque podía hacer toda la tarea en la sala de estudios la mañana anterior a presentarla, si es que tenía tarea para hacer en primer lugar. Faltaba a clases más frecuentemente que en los años posteriores porque no me había dado cuenta de lo que aprendía mejor en las clases También faltaba porque Física comenzaba a las 10 de la mañana y me quedaba hasta las 4 de la tarde hablando en los pasillos con mis amigos nuevos. Además, todavía estaba saliendo con mi novio de la secundaria, y la relación se estaba deteriorando rápidamente, así que pasábamos bastante tiempo discutiendo por teléfono. Como imaginarán, nada de esto favorecía mi vida académica. Debo admitir que no recuerdo exactamente cuántos exámenes desaprobé en primer año. Sé que fueron al menos tres exámenes de física (dos trimestrales y el final), dos de cálculo (uno trimestral y el final) y dos de química (ambos trimestrales). Terminé con una B+ en Humanidades, artes y ciencias sociales (HASS) (9.00, Introducción a la Psicología), una C+ en 18.01 (Cálculo simple-variable), una C en 5.111 (Introducción a la Química) y una C- en 8.01x (Física). Para aprobar 8.01x se necesitaba un promedio general de 60; mi nota final fue 63,5. Y, sin embargo, en el expediente oficial dice “A” para todo. ;) Y ese es el expediente académico que vieron los comités de admisión cuando me postulé a una escuela de posgrado; no sabían que aprobé Física de primer año casi de casualidad. ¡A divertirse! Tenía algunos amigos que habían desaprobado algunas clases del primer semestre y simplemente las volvieron a cursar en el segundo semestre. Para los alumnos de los últimos años de la carrera, existen otras estrategias. La fecha de renuncia es la última fecha en que se puede abandonar la clase; son dos o tres semanas previas a la semana del examen final. De manera que si no te está yendo bien en esa etapa del semestre, generalmente abandonas la clase y la vuelves a cursar en otro semestre. Los estudiantes de los primeros y últimos años también pueden tomar dos clases con calificación “Aprobado o Desaprobado”. Esto les permite tomar clases interesantes sin tener que preocuparse por efectos colaterales en sus promedios. Mi situación actual Hoy fue un feriado libre de impuestos en Massachusetts: el gobernador suspendió los impuestos a las ventas durante el fin de semana a fin de incentivar a que la gente compre. Adam y yo teníamos que comprar solamente víveres (que en Massachusetts no llevan impuestos), pero fuimos hasta la galería únicamente para ver todo el desenfreno. La gente se abalanzaba sobre Best Buy, intentando comprar televisores y cámaras digitales, todo con el fin de ahorrar USD 25 de impuestos. Me encanta. La gente no es muy buena en matemáticas. Adam y yo compramos una película y un reloj digital. Ahorramos unos dólares. Asimismo, me gustaría destacar que es divertido juntarse con personas del curso 16 porque puedes decir “Esto no es astronáutica, amigo” con una voz superior cuando no saben hacer cosas como estacionar el automóvil y no pueden decir nada porque, después de todo, no es astronáutica y ellos lo saben mejor que nadie. Preguntas y comentarios 1. Colin preguntó: “Estaba pensando, ¿tendré posibilidad de acceder al curso HASS-D que deseo si voy el primer día? ¿Existe algún curso HASS-D muy popular? Específicamente, estoy considerando tomar 21M.011 (Introducción a la Música Occidental), pero sé que la música es un interés común entre los alumnos del MIT. Generalmente, existe una alta probabilidad de entrar a una clase el primer día, incluso si es bastante popular. No salí sorteada en 24.900 (Introducción a la Lingüística) en dos semestres diferentes, y la segunda vez simplemente me presenté con un formulario de inscripción e ingresé sin inconvenientes. Lo que sucede es que varios alumnos de los últimos años se registran previamente y entran en sorteo sin realmente querer tomar las clases para las que se anotan. Es más, conozco algunas personas que se registran previamente a cursos que eligen al azar. Como podrán imaginarse, esto genera vacantes inesperadas en varios cursos el primer día de clases. :) Una vez que se informan los resultados del sorteo, esta página mostrará una lista de HASS-D con vacantes disponibles. Si bien varía de semestre a semestre de acuerdo con lo que es más popular en el momento, 21M.011 tuvo algunas vacantes disponibles el último semestre. (Y en cuanto a eso, incluso si un curso no figura con vacantes disponibles, generalmente hay personas que deciden no tomar la clase, por lo que vale la pena presentarse el primer día con el formulario de inscripción). Lo importante es que, en cuanto a sorteos y demás en el MIT, existe bastante flexibilidad; casi siempre hay una manera de obtener lo que deseas. 2. Un curioso alumno de primer año escribió: “ ¿Los alumnos califican a los profesores? ¿Existe alguna manera de ver esas calificaciones antes de escoger las clases? ¿Los alumnos del MIT utilizan ratemyprofessors.com?” Yo no usaría ratemyprofessor.com. La única vez que visité el sitio noté que no figuran demasiadas personas del MIT, así que las calificaciones no son muy confiables. Los alumnos evalúan a los profesores y los cursos de manera estandarizada al final de cada semestre. Las evaluaciones pueden encontrarse aquí (se requieren certificados). Esos resultados no son perfectos (las encuestas se proporcionan durante la última semana de clases, cuando todos los que odiaban la clase ya abandonaron la materia), pero al menos son estándar y las completan una gran cantidad de personas. 3. JE preguntó: “Para que una carrera de investigación de pregrado se considere valiosa y sea reconocida, ¿es necesario publicar? Es decir, ¿debo ser un autor publicado X cantidad de veces para tener una buena oportunidad en una escuela de posgrado de primer nivel?” Definitivamente, no necesitas haber sido publicado para ingresar a una escuela de posgrado de primer nivel. Ayuda, por supuesto, pero no es obligatorio. En verdad, ni siquiera es común. Cuando asistí a un taller sobre solicitudes para las escuelas de posgrado durante los primeros años, el cuerpo docente del curso 9 dijo que solo aproximadamente el 5 % de sus postulantes son publicados. De manera que si eres un autor publicado durante el UROP, ponte contento, pero si no, no te preocupes en lo más mínimo. (Y, para promocionar a Melis, ¡puedes publicar en el MURJ!).

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1395 Words

Romanticism and modernism are two philosophical thoughts so unlike each other, modernism embracing the cold truth of reality in the industrialized world of 1920s America, romanticism this same world through rose filtered lenses, summed up in the words of Mr. F. Scott Fitzgerald, â€Å"we are all just humans†¦ drunk on the idea that love, only love, could heal our broken bones.† Fitzgerald was a romantic living in the modernist 1920s, and his classic work The Great Gatsby was certainly a romantic book, and thusly did not succeed in his time; in fact, it did not succeed until after his death in the 1940s. Fitzgerald saw the green light, but it was just as out of reach to him as it was to Mr. Gatsby. Though The Great Gatsby was unappreciated†¦show more content†¦He found success on the tail of his book This Side of Paradise, which rapidly elevated him to stardom. They spent boatloads of money, but he could afford that by cranking out story after story. He had a lavi sh life, a romanticized life, so he dreamed romantically. Going into publishing Gatsby, he had romantic hopes, expecting it to well outsell his other books, and he was shocked when sales fell flat. Then, the â€Å"Jazz Age† gave way, and the Great Depression set in. People didn’t want to read about people living fabulously, dancing, driving around in flashy cars, and guzzling their alcohol, they wanted grittier works that reflected their gritty lives. Fitzgerald tried cranking out another book, Tender is the Night, and again, fell flat. He had lost his magic, it would seem, and with the loss of his magic came the loss of the padding inside his pockets. Zelda suffered a serious of mental breakdowns, and Scott was left in charge of their daughter. He hoped and dreamed for a wonderful life, while having to support his daughter, Scottie, through private school and college, and his wife in her countless trips to private sanitariums. The rest of the Fitzgeralds’ lives were dreary, Zelda having to bus tables in between her trips to asylums, and Scott dying in 1940. Then, suddenly, Gatsby hit gold, and established its worth in the world. In 1945, 155,000 copies were shipped overseas for soldiers in the war to read (1). The American Dream

Cry, The Beloved Country By Allan Paton - 879 Words

Rough Draft #1 Cry, The Beloved Country by Allan Paton shows the theme of â€Å"the broken tribe† (Paton 104) throughout the novel. Paton shows the brokenness through the travels of the main character, Kumalo. Kumalo’s trip to Johannesburg and back to Ndotsheni signifies the novel’s theme, the broken tribe. Paton uses a poetic writing style to give the reader an insight into the brokenness that Kumalo sees. The broken tribe ultimately refers to the brokenness in the individual, in the land, and in the community. The broken tribe on the smallest level refers to the brokenness of the individual. Kumalo, Jarvis, and Absalom are the prime examples of the individual brokenness in Cry, The Beloved Country. Kumalo’s brokenness shows through his struggle to pray and have faith. Kumalo tells Jarvis that â€Å"there is no prayer left in me. I am dumb here inside. I have no words at all† (Paton 105). Kumalo has no hope that his son is not the murderer. Kumalo loses all of his hope and all the hope turns to fear. Kumalo fears that his son is the murderer. Even though he fears that his son is the murderer, he knows that it is â€Å"foolish to fear that one thing in this great city, with its thousands and thousands of people† (Paton 105). Kumalo realizes that it is a very small chance that his son is the murderer since the city of Johannesburg is so big. Kumalo is broken because of his son’s actions. Jarvis’s brokenness shows through his sorrow because of his wife’s death. Jarvis is broken over theShow MoreRelated Corruption In Cry, the Beloved Country, by Alan Paton Essay613 Words   |  3 Pages Corruption is one of the most prevailing themes in Cry The Beloved Country, as well as in today’s world. In this story the author pictures many different characters in order to represent this wide spread illness of society, John Kumalo, Gertrude, Abasalom, just to name a few. Johannesburg itself is the summary of all that is wrong with cities of today. There is corruption and poverty. Crime runs rampant, and law-abiding citizens are forced to survive as they can. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;

“Financial Crises and Corporate Finance Causes, Context and Consequences” Free Essays

string(106) " the deal by providing a credit default guarantee for the SPV in the event of default \(Teasdale, 2003\)\." 1.0 Introduction – background to financial crash of 2007-8 This essay will examine the background and unfolding of the 2007-2008 financial crisis and its impact on the theory and practice of corporate finance. I will analyse whether changes to the way the financial and non-financial corporate sector operated over recent years contributed to the depth and severity of the crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Financial Crises and Corporate Finance: Causes, Context and Consequences† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Specifically, financial deregulation in the 1990s in financial markets and the securitisation of the corporate sector (Ball, 2009), have led to claims that the ‘solution’ to the so-called agency problem of aligning manager and shareholder interests may have actually made the crisis worse. I will argue that the easing of regulations on the mortgage loan sector especially increased the risks of a financial crisis developing by creating the environment for a massive financial asset bubble. Historically low interest rates and ‘easy money’ policies of the US Federal Reserve under Alan Greenspan following the bursting of the technology bubble in 2000 created conditions for the bubble. I will also examine whether the growth in markets for innovative financial products such as CDOs disguised risks and even mispriced assets in the mortgage market by separating the obligation to fund the original loans from the trading of such obligations as collateralised debt. The outcome of the crisis in terms of future corporate financial behaviour and regulatory reforms of the corporate sector will be reviewed. 2.0 Corporate finance models and the financial crisis – the role of CSR Critics of the corporate sector such as Simms have argued that the narrow focus among publicly listed companies on short-term profits over and above sustainable long-term corporate health, helped cause the financial crisis of 2007-9. The process of selling off traditionally run companies to global multinationals had led to the disappearance of famous companies such as Twinings and Cadbury from the British economy, and the loss of jobs related to these closures. Simms is not alone in claiming that the narrow pursuit of short-term profits as well as excessive pay among senior executives has not served the interests of the wider economy and stakeholders including workers and pension funds. Simms sees the selling off and closure of great British enterprises as the result of the loss of traditional family business ethics and their replacement by financial sector values of high returns to investors. Fernandez-Feijoo Souto (2009) analyses the financial crisis in terms of the opportunities it presents for companies to refocus on corporate social responsibility. CSR is seen as growing in importance as part of the corporate culture although there is difficulty in defining what CSR actually means. Fernandez-Feijoo Souto argues that the financial crisis has provided a new urgency to the need to clarify what defines CSR and how it should be implemented. This includes building a name as a responsible business and relating this to growing revenue, keeping key personnel, understanding consumer’s bias toward companies with a good CSR brand; changing relationships through the value chain based on trust and treating customers and suppliers well; improving conditions which in turn reduce employee turnover and raise productivity, and reducing legal conflicts by complying with regulations. Simms argues that companies with a business model that has CSR built into it have been shown to be much better adapted to survive the challenges of the global financial crisis than companies that have followed a short-term profit strategy. He uses the examples of Bear Sterns and Lehmans, which traded under the saying â€Å"Let’s make nothing but money,† as classic examples of the kind of approach that led to disaster. However for each such example, one can point to a similar company, such as Barclays or Goldman Sachs, that have continued to thrive during the financial crisis despite having the same financial focused ethos. This is reflected in the evidence of numerous studies the result of which show unproven links between CSR and cost, profit and longevity (Fernandez-Feijoo Souto, 2009). There is evidence also of a split between positive economic results and more negative financial results, meaning that potentially short term financial gains may come at the cost of longer term economic performance. Lipton, Lorsch and Mirvis (2009) state: â€Å"Excessive stockholder power is precisely what caused the short-term fixation that led to the current financial crisis.† They point to money managers focused on short-term financial results who fuelled excessive risk taking. This tendency was favoured by government and regulators failing to impose checks on risk taking. Lipton, Lorsch and Mirvis see a â€Å"direct causal relationship between the financial meltdown and the short-term focus† of stockholders. 3.0 The role of securitisation in the financial crisis Securitisation of the mortgage and loan market, which developed in the 1990s, is seen by some commentators as central to the development of the financial crisis of 2007-8. Securitisation of asset-backed bonds is the process of creating debt instruments from a package of loan assets, usually home loans, commercial loans and retail loans such as credit card debt or auto loans. This allows banks to release value from the assets on their balance sheet. The asset-backed market was developed in the United States and grew rapidly from the early 2000s. Banks and other originators of mortgages sold on packages of their loans to an issuer, usually called a special purpose vehicle (SPV). The purpose of the securitisation is to reduce the institution’s balance sheet, which allows its return on equity to rise and also releases capital for other purposes. The process of securitisation enables the issuer to achieve enhanced credit ratings, usually up to AAA investment grade (Sundaresan, 1997 ). The credit rating of the original loan does not affect the rating of the SPV, even if the original mortgage holder defaults on the loan or is declared bankrupt. The securitisation deals are normally rated by credit ratings agencies such as Moody’s, Fitch or Standard Poor’s. The investment bank or investor which purchases the SPV securities will often approach an insurer to gold plate the deal by providing a credit default guarantee for the SPV in the event of default (Teasdale, 2003). You read "â€Å"Financial Crises and Corporate Finance: Causes, Context and Consequences†" in category "Essay examples" It has been argued that the complexity of securitisation restricts the ability of investors to assess risk, and that securitisation markets are likely to be subject to serious declines in underwriting standards. 3.1 Credit Default Swaps – analysis of impact of CDS market in the financial crisis The huge growth of the credit default swap (CDS) market is considered by many analysts to be one the worst elements of securitisation. The Bank for International Settlements reports that the CDS market increased in size from $6 trillion in 2004 to $57 trillion in June 2008 measured by notional principal (Stulz, 2010). The government bailout of AIG brought the CDS market to global attention, and led some commentators to see the CDS market as the primary cause of the financial crisis. As Stulz (2010) argues, there are two problems with the CDS market. First, the sellers of credit default swaps are not able to bear the risks they took on, so some of the benefit of credit default swaps in terms of hedging are actually unfounded – ultimately leading to the $80 billion bailout of AIG. Second, because of their inherent leverage of a CDS, they can enable investors to take more risky positions. The availability of these instruments to non-risk-averse investors may lead to risk being un der-priced. However, Stultz shows how the CDS market performed remarkably well around the default of Lehman Brothers. The credit default swap market did not cause the subprime mortgage defaults or the disappearance of liquidity. Excessive leverage by financial institutions and the collapse of the housing market was the cause of the crisis. For example, AIG borrowed heavily to acquire home loan-backed securities and it made even bigger losses on its portfolio of home loan-related securities than on its credit default assets. 4.0 Ponzi schemes and failure of investment banks to report criminal behaviour The crisis also revealed outright criminal activity taking place in the investment sector, most famously in the case of Bernard Madoff, whose wealth management business was exposed as a Ponzi scheme with $65 billion funds missing from accounts. Madoff was sent to prison for 150 years. JP Morgan acted as banker to Madoff but did not report their suspicions about his activities to the SEC (Ferguson, 2012). Critics have commented that there have been very few prosecutions of investment bankers for such activities as ‘shorting’ the very stocks that they recommended to their clients (Lewis, 2010). The Securities and Exchange Commission and New York prosecutors have brought very few prosecutions and no one has faced criminal conviction. Ferguson points out that Morgan Stanley’s Howie Hubler began to bet against securities connected to the subprime market in 2004 with management approval (Ferguson, 2012). The title of Ferguson’s film ‘Inside Job’ refe rs to the pattern of investment bankers and lawyers whose clients are banks then taking senior judicial and political roles in the government and financial authorities. This, it is argued, has caused a disincentive to go after the banks for actions that could be prosecuted. 5.0 Reform of corporate finance regulations – legislation and limits of reform Reform of the banking and wider corporate sector has been discussed and enacted in a variety of forms in the US and Europe. Banks have undergone stress tests to see if they could cope with further financial crises. The UK authorities have begun to reform corporate governance to give shareholders greater power to oversee compensation of executives, such as binding votes on executive pay, but this has not yet been implemented. New rules on the levels of reserves that banks must hold in order to ensure they are able to cope with future crises were agreed in November 2010 at the G20 summit in Seoul. G20 Finance Ministers backed the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s plans for capital and liquidity requirements for financial institutions. However most of these new reserve requirements have not yet been enforced, partly because the banking sector remains extremely fragile following the financial crash with high level of debts still threatening the financial system. Following t he crisis, there were many calls for the separation of retail and investment banking, or even the breaking up of ‘too big to fail’ banks, but these have not been acted on by government. President Obama signed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act into law in July 2010. The Act marks the biggest reform of the US financial sector since the Great Depression (Avery, 2011). Section 939A of the Act effectively bans the use of credit rating agencies in an attempt to improve capital requirements for US banks. However implementation is likely to take many years. In America economists such as Paul Krugman have called for a return of the Glass Steagall Act 1933, which was put in place following the 1929 Wall Street Crash and then removed in the 1990s as part of the liberalisation of the banking sector (Krugman, 2011). Countries with stronger regulation of their banking sector, including Canada, Australia and Germany, did not suffer a banking crisis in the manner of the UK and USA, where regulation was ‘light’. 6.0 Conclusion: comparison with regulatory response to 1929 Financial Crash By comparison with the response of authorities to the Great Crash of 1929, it can be argued that through to 2012, five years after the crisis began, major reforms to the banking sector and to corporate governance in the US and UK have not been implemented in the way they were in the 1930s. This may be a result of the fact that governments and securities oversight authorities are far less independent of the corporate finance sector than they were in the 1930s. The financial services sector has grown in relation to GDP compared to its position in the 1930s, and its political influence is far greater. This means that reform and regulation has been much slower and weaker than it was in the last Great Depression. Calls for reform will not go away, especially as the crisis continues in Europe and North America. Action on corporate governance, and implementation of proposals for financial and banking reform will be required in order to prevent further financial crises occurring in the futur e. REFERENCES Avery, A. W.; 2011. Basel III v Dodd-Frank: What Does it Mean for US Banks, Who’s Who Legal. Ball, A. 2009. The Global Financial Crisis and the Efficient Market Hypothesis: What Have We LearnedThe University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Volume 21, Issue 4, pages 8–16, Fall 2009 Ferguson, C; 2012, Heist of the century: Wall Street’s role in the financial crisis, The Guardian, 20 May 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/may/20/wall-street-role-financial-crisis Fernandez-Feijoo Souto, B.; 2009. Crisis and Corporate Social Responsibility: Threat or OpportunityInternational Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009. International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN), 2008, Statement on the Global Financial Crisis. Krugman, P and Wells, R., 2011, The Busts Keep Getting Bigger: WhyNew York Review of Books,14 July 2011 Lewis, M. 2010, The Big Short, Allen Lane, Penguin. Lipton, M; , Lorsch, J. W. and Mirvis, T.N, Schumer’s Shareholders Bill Misses the Mark, Wall St. Journal, 12 May, 2009 Mirvis, Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen Katz, 2010. Corporate Governance and the Financial Crisis: Causes and Cures, February 28, Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation. Sims, A; 2010. The power of corporate finance is an amoral hazard, The Guardian, 8th September, 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/sep/08/power-corporate-finance-amoral-hazard Stulz, R.M., 2010, Credit Default Swaps and the Credit Crisis, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 24, No. 1: 73-92. Sundaresan, S., Fixed Income Markets and Their Derivatives, South-Western Publishing, 1997, chapter 9. Teasdale, A; 2003, The Process of Securitisation. YieldCurve.comhttp://www.yieldcurve.com/Mktresearch/files/Teasdale_SecuritisationJan03.pdf How to cite â€Å"Financial Crises and Corporate Finance: Causes, Context and Consequences†, Essay examples

Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka Essay Example

Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka Essay Speaker Paper (Dr. Carl Selavka) Dr. Carl Matthew Selavka is one of the world-renowned forensic toxicologists of today. Dr. Selavka has a strong background in biology, chemistry, and forensics, and illustrated that it would be very helpful in the field of forensic science. His background originated from Indiana University where he received his Bachelor of Arts double major in Chemistry and Forensic Science and at Northeastern University where he received a Master of Science in Forensic Chemistry in 1985 and his Doctor of Philosophy in Forensic Analytical Chemistry in 1987. Upon completing the ROTC program at Indiana, Dr. Selavka went to serve the US army. Upon serving, he attended graduate school and continued in education until he received his Doctoral at Northeastern before serving as an active duty member in the United States Army Medical Service Corps from 1987 to 1991. After serving a number of positions in the US Army medical service corps, Dr. Selavka began a career as Director of Forensic Operations at the National Medical Services, Inc. in Willow Grove, PA. One of the main duties he undertook included overseeing the Forensic Science Division of a private toxicology and criminalistics laboratory. We will write a custom essay sample on Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In February 1994, Dr. Selavka was promoted to the Director of Criminalistics where he undertook the responsibility of all administrative aspects of the Criminalistics Department. During his position here, he oversaw many different cases where the quantitative and qualitative analysis of drugs found in things ranging from botanicals to IV bags was performed. In 1996, Dr. Selavka left this position to become a Director of Forensic Services at the New York State Division of Criminal Justice services in Albany, New York. In the two years he was there, he accomplished many things from directing the implementation and maintenance of the DNA databank for NY State convicted offenders to implementing centralized training for NYS forensic scientists. By the summer of 1998 Dr. Selavka had transitioned to Director of the Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory system in Sadbury Massachusetts. The State Police Crime Laboratories were engaged in all types of criminalistics analysis ranging from forensic DNA testing to toxicology to processing evidence from murder, rape and arson cases. Dr. Selavka was responsible for the State DNA Databank and Office of Alcohol Testing. After a nine year period working for the Massachusetts State police, Dr. Selavka left and became a Forensic Science Officer for the US Army Criminal Investigation lab in FT. Gillem Georgia for a year. He then worked as a Production services Manager for the US Air Force Drug Testing Laboratory in Brooks City-Base, San Antonio, Texas until April of last year. Dr. Selavka currently works as a Forensic Toxicologist for Avee Laboratories in Clearwater, Florida. He is also a Forensic Reporting Officer at Trimega Laboratories, Ltd. in London, UK; Cape Town, SA; Ulm, Germany, and a Consulting Forensic Scientist for the Department of Defense and Para-military organizations. Dr. Selavka’s presentation ranged on the many different aspects of Forensic Toxicology. The first part of his discussion centered on the types of drugs toxicologist are interested in. Drugs that were mentioned included benzodiazepines, depressants, opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, marijuana and alcohol. Dr. Selavka pointed out that Alcohol stands out from the other drugs as it is the largest contributing factor to vehicle related accidents as well as consequently deaths. Dr. Selavka also included regular toxicologist studies such as the testing for carbon monoxide, cyanide, inhalants, metals, pesticides and herbicides. Dr. Selavka throughout his discussion participated in numerous engaging interactions with the students, often of comedian value as he illustrated the quantitative and qualitative factors of the range of drugs he discussed about. He also shared that baby boomers used drugs, only now were they using expensive opioid pharmaceuticals that they got prescribed from their doctors. Dr. Selavka had numerously communicated that â€Å"the statistics don’t lie†. A major area that Dr. Selavka has also considerable experience is testing for compliance. He mentioned that any type of employment that are considered safety and security sensitive positions will require some type of bodily testing to detect the presence of illegal drugs. The most common type of testing is urine testing. Dr. Selavka also spent a great deal of time explaining in detail how drugs enter the system, what happens when they enter, and how they leave. He explained the importance of this in four steps of what he calls â€Å"The Average Man Theory†. This theory was similar to what we have been covering in class from chapter nine. The difference was that Richard Saferstein focused on the details of how alcohol is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated in the body, while Dr. Selavka explained in greater detail how alcohol and other drugs go through this process in a human body. Dr. Selavka also explained the importance of each step on how it relates to testing and its elimination in the human body. In His presentation, Dr. Selavka also discussed how during the absorption process of a drug enters the blood stream through skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract and is carried by simple diffusion via plasma, proteins, or red blood cells. Alcohol was discussed in great detail, given its major role in our society. and Dr. Selavka mentioned some interesting facts that has also been mentioned in our textbook regarding alcohol and its absorption. Richard Saferstein demonstrates in his text book how alcohol can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream at radically different speeds based on the total time taken the consume the drink and its alcohol content, the amount consumed, and the quantity and type of food present in the stomach while drinking. Dr. Selavka discussed this process in a very similar fashion. After explaining the processes of absorption, Dr. Selavka discussed the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the alcohol content. Dr. Selavka used a chart in his presentation to communicate get detection windows of certain drugs and how long they last in the human body. This allowed easy comparisons and conclusions to be drawn from how long drugs stay in the human body and when to consider testing urine, oral fluid, breath, blood, sweat, and hair respectively. The information on a sweat patch testing was new to me and I found it incredibly fascinating all the while simplistically brilliant, or brilliantly simplistic. Dr. Selavka went on to explain the different types of testing and spent a great deal of time talking about hair testing. He expelled many rumors about hair testing that the class had preconceived, and clearly described the boundaries of hair testing today. He presented a diagram of the Dermal Papilla and explained how in this area the blood flow nourishes the bottom part of the hair located near the dermis and that it is where blood delivers drugs that become permanently trapped in the hair. After explaining the complexities of hair analysis, Dr. Selavka finally concluded the future of drug testing and its limitations and what to expect in the near future. Dr. Selavka’s presentation was very extensive and provided a range of information presented in a calculated manner. The quality of his presentation parallels that with his expertise in the field, and really engaged the class in participating and running mock conclusions based on previous cases he had encountered. All in all, he is clearly one of the leading experts in his field, world-wide. If he had more time, I would have asked him if he believed drug testing had a future, or could people be, ironically, using drugs to clean other drugs?